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Ita Yachts Canada

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Understanding the Classification of Yachts A, B, C and D

Understanding the Classification of Yachts A, B, C and D:

Since 1998, Europe (EEC) classifies yachts according to 4 categories A or B or C or D and this is a law. In order to sell a boat in the large territory of the EEC, it must be classified with a plate that mentions its classification and it must be clearly visible inside the boat, usually near the helm.

At first glance, it sounds very good when you hear class A, but what is it really, what are the differences, is it necessary to acquire a class A…

The brokers at ItaYachtsCanada have written an article on this subject in the past ( click here ), but here are the important characteristics to know about the subject.

The classification allows you to know in which kind of sea intensity you can safely venture, that is to say, taking into account the wind and the wave height in reference to the Beaufort index.

(At the end of this text, there is an explanation of the classes according to the Beaufort index).

Let’s say we focus on class A and B, on the major differences.

First of all, the differences are not very visible to the naked eye or it takes a trained eye to see them.

Depending on the type of water you plan to sail and if the weather guides you on each trip, a B class is also a very good choice.

Of course, you must have all the required safety equipment on board.

Ideally, a boater should always sail in rather peaceful conditions, taking into account the weather first. We always say that boating is fun, so stay away from difficult sailing situations. (Ideally, always with a Beaufort index of 6 and less, ideally a Beaufort index of 4 and less).

Many manufacturers have retained the parameters of the B class to build their boats, mainly for reasons of production costs and that boaters in general do not care much about these characteristics.

The problem is how to differentiate between the vast range of B class boats, how to distinguish those that are closer to an A class (B +) from those that are built as (B -).

How to find your way around, especially for a layman…

It is important to know that some manufacturers build their boats with an A approach, but without respecting all the mandatory specifications to be classified A.

Here are some guidelines to quickly see if the manufacturer has done things right.

– Inspect the portholes and closing mechanisms (Plastic or Metal)

– The presence of numerous drains to evacuate water (at the fly and cockpit), it is essential to be able to evacuate any water accumulation quickly.

– Height of the freeboard.

– Engine access hatch, well insulated and secured for water leaks.

– Bilge pumps (number, size and capacity)

– Mechanism to pump water from the engine room massively (e.g. possibility to use the engine water pumps with a joystick)

– The center of gravity of the boat is well balanced (rather low).

Hull joints, a very low center of gravity, excellent weight distribution, electrical system (24 V), are also part of the certification criteria especially for A boats, but difficult to assess for a yachtsman. It is possible, but in a summary way.

The CE classification allows to differentiate yachts according to certain criteria present, we are talking mainly about structural strength, integrity of essential parts of the hull, reliability of propulsion, steering systems, power generation and all other features installed on board to help ensure the essential services of the yacht.

Therefore, it is important to understand that a Class A yacht is built to a much higher standard than a Class B. This is not reflected in the luxurious appearance of the boat.

What you have to remember is that the major enemy for a boat, besides a fire, is water infiltration on board which can destabilize the behavior of the boat, cause a stop of the engines, major electrical problems, in short which can quickly put the boat out of use and/or out of control.

A classification body such as RINA (see list at the end of this text) has been checking the activities of builders and classifying yachts for over 20 years.

If the boat is sold in the European Community, the classification is mandatory and must be visible near the cockpit. This same classification is not present when the boat is intended for North America or very rarely.

Do not hesitate to contact a professional broker, he will be able to guide you according to your needs, your criteria and especially the places of navigation.

As the CE classification is not always displayed when the boat is destined for the North American market, here are some references on this subject based on the most recent data available (subject to change without notice):

P.S. Let’s mention that as a general rule yachts over 80 ft are Class A, but according to the rules in place, the classification is no longer mandatory or mentioned beyond 79 ft.

Class A (yachts over 50 ft):

BEST KNOWN MODELS :

Ferretti 500, 550, 670 and up

Pershing : 7X and up

Azimut 62, 64, 66, 68 Fly and up

Azimut S8 and up

Azimut Magellano : the whole range

Sunseeker Sport yacht 65, Yacht 88 and up

Princess yacht 80 and up (TBC)

Marquis Yachts (no longer in production)

Montecarlo MCY 66 and up

Searay L650

Class B (yachts over 50 ft):

Sunnseeker 52 fly, 55 fly , 66 fly, 68 fly, Sport Yacht 74, 76 Yacht

Azimut 50 fly, 55 fly, 60 fly, S6 and all Atlantis

Princess : all yachts under 70 ft

Princess Y72, Y78 and less

Ferretti 580 fly

All Absolute

All Fairline

All Beneteau & Jeanneau & Monte Carlo 52

All Searay except L650.

All Cruisers Yachts

For more information, here is an article published by the brokers at ItaYachtsCanada, click here .

There is also the dry weight which can help determine a quality yacht.

Don’t hesitate to compare yachts of the same size based on dry weight, you may be surprised.

For example, a 52′ yacht that weighs 30,000 lbs empty compared to another one that weighs 60,000 lbs empty, ask yourself some questions.

But be careful, it is more and more difficult to get the manufacturers’ empty weights. They have understood the importance of being rather vague on the subject or of making comparisons more difficult. Indeed, we are talking about LIGHT WEIGHT, which is difficult to measure.

The manufacturer who has confidence in thier boat will have no difficulty in giving a total warranty of at least 12 months, 24 and even 36 months. Please note the difference here between the manufacturer’s warranty and the dealer’s warranty .

Many European manufacturers sell their boats to dealers in America without a warranty. This means that the dealer assumes the full 12-month warranty out of his profit from the sale. The engine manufacturer, on the other hand, honors its own warranty such as Volvo, Cummins, Caterpillar, MAN, MTU, Yanmar. For other major components, it will be up to you to take the necessary steps to have the warranty honored, such as for the generator, the air conditioning, the thrusters, etc…

Therefore, acquiring a boat requires a much more specialized expertise than that of a car! Contact ITA Yachts Canada Inc. to speak with a professional and independent broker with experience in the following markets (Canada, United States and Europe whether the boat is new or used).

MORE INFORMATION.

Here is some more information about the classification, what the law in Europe says about it.

Here are some links to help you understand the Beaufort index in direct relation with the classification of yachts sold on the territory of the EEC:

Click here for the TRANSPORT CANADA website

Click here for an article on Wikipedia (more descriptive with photo).

According to the EEC rules, here is the description:

The classification of vessels marked “CE

CE marked vessels are classified into four design categories according to their ability to cope with sea conditions characterized by wind speed and significant wave height. Depending on the type of navigation practiced, the boater must choose a vessel whose design category authorizes such practice.

– Design Category A: Recreational vessels designed for winds that can exceed force 8 (on the Beaufort scale) and for waves that can exceed a significant height of 4 meters, excluding exceptional conditions such as storms, severe storms, tornadoes and extreme sea conditions or huge waves (these conditions exclude force 10 and following).

– Design Category B: Pleasure craft designed for winds up to and including force 8 and for waves up to and including 4 meters in significant height.

– Design Category C: Pleasure craft designed for winds up to and including force 6 and for waves up to and including two meters in significant height.

– Design Category D: Pleasure craft designed for winds up to and including force 4 and for waves up to and including 0.30 meters, with occasional waves up to and including 0.50 meters.

Vessels in each of these design categories shall be designed and constructed to withstand the parameters of each of these categories, with respect to buoyancy, stability and other relevant requirements, and to have good maneuverability characteristics.

The known classification bodies for the EEC:

RINA (Registro Italiano Navale),

BV (Bureau Veritas),

DNV (Det Norske Veritas),

Germanischer Lloyd,

LR (Lloyd’s Register).

Ita Yachts Canada provides the information in this article in good faith but cannot guarantee the accuracy of the information or the status of the data. It is the responsibility of the reader to instruct their agents or experts to verify and validate the information in this article.

Published by Guy Bolduc

View all posts by Guy Bolduc

Classification: Statutory certification explained

Is certification an unnecessary complication, the costs and hassle of which far outweigh the benefits, or a helpful and reassuring framework which sets the highest standards for structural and operational safety and safeguards life, property and the sea environment?

No one could possibly deny that the large yacht industry is, and has been for some time, in the throes of a boom in spite of a recent downturn since 2008. Some observers would suggest that this is in spite of all the new rules and regulations that seem set to dog the yacht owner’s every move. Others would suggest that it is through the introduction of rules and regulations such as the MCA’s Code of Practice for Safety of Large Commercial Sailing and Motor Vessels that the industry has been given the confidence to expand with such vigour, knowing that their investments are safer – both financially and physically – because of regulation.

Classification societies are non-governmental organisations or groups of professionals, ship surveyors and representatives that develop, publish and certify standards and technical rules to ensure an acceptable degree of stability, safety and environmental impact, among other things. They are authorised to certify yachts and vessels flagged virtually anywhere.

A classification certificate attests that the yacht complies with the standards developed and published by the issuing society

New construction and refit surveys carried out by a surveyor from the classification society under which the yacht is built are important inspections that take place at intervals throughout the duration of the project. They ensure that any and every installation, repair, upgrade or modification is carried out to the standards of that society. Classification surveyors are interested in the structural integrity of the hull, installation of equipment, stability, structural, engine and machinery surveys, electrical, electronic and ancillary equipment, rigging inspections, safety recommendations and ultrasonic thickness gauging.

Every owner has his own vision of what he wants his yacht to be and designers strive to deliver just that. The fulfillment of this vision in turn becomes paramount in the eyes of the building yard and others who represent the owner, so it is often the policies imposed in the form of building regulations and classification rules that act as the voice of reason. This ultimately allows a balance to be struck between the attainment of that vision and the safety and reliability embodied in the construction of a yacht built to class.

A classification certificate attests that the yacht complies with the standards developed and published by the issuing society. Periodic surveying of a yacht in service by the appropriate class surveyor, at intervals dictated by the appropriate classification society, is also required to ensure the vessel continues to meet the rules and thus maintain her in-class status. Should any defects that may affect class become apparent, or if damage is sustained between surveys, the owner or operators are required to inform the society concerned without delay.

Almost every yacht that is launched is bigger or in some way better than the last and, quite often, more complex than its predecessor

As independent, self-regulating bodies, classification societies have no commercial interest in design, building, ownership, operation, management, maintenance, repairs, insurance or chartering. Classification rules are not intended as a design code and, in fact, cannot be used as such. These are more generally covered by the flag state, which lays down standards, or codes of practice that dictate construction good practice.

Almost every yacht that is launched is bigger or in some way better than the last and, quite often, more complex than its predecessor. As this trend continues, so too is the involvement and role of classification societies increasing and evolving. But what exactly does classification entail, and how is it linked to the statutory requirements of the various flag states? These matters are often misunderstood, which can potentially result in a conflict of responsibility.

Classification

The classification process The classification of yachts may be regarded as the development and worldwide implementation of published rules and regulations which – in conjunction with proper care and conduct on the part of the builder, owner and operator – provides for the structural strength and, where necessary, the watertight integrity of the hull. The same rules cover any appendages to the hull itself.

Classification rules lay down regulations that govern the effectiveness, safety and reliability of the propulsion and steering systems and other features, as well as the auxiliary systems which establish and maintain basic conditions on board and ensure that guests and crew can be safely carried while the yacht is at sea, at anchor, or moored inside a harbour.

Owners sometimes see classification as an unnecessary complication offering no real advantage for the cost. Some even suggest that the classification societies exist simply to make a profit out of a yacht builder’s desire to build a saleable product.

‘This is a misconception and one that needs to be addressed,’ Paul Martin, a principal engineer at DNV, points out: ‘Classification societies are independent bodies without a commercial stake in the build, and are therefore in a unique position to make sure that the yacht meets requirements without considering commercial impact. This enables yachts to be built with safety of the yacht, her crew, other vessels and the environment given maximum priority, irrespective of cost.’

Owners sometimes see classification as an unnecessary complication offering no real advantage for the cost

‘Because most classification societies have enormous experience,’ he continues, ‘as well as a lot of data on the failure of various types of vessels, machinery and other connected disciplines, they can bring these to bear on new projects ensuring fees are justified, and at the same time enhancing safety against the most up-to-date maritime knowledge and good safe practice.’

Yachts are said to be ‘in class’ when the classification society believes that its rules and regulations have been complied with, unless it has granted a special dispensation from compliance for a particular aspect. In order to decide whether a vessel should achieve in-class status surveyors appraise design, surveys and reports on the vessel’s construction, machinery, apparatus, materials, components, equipment, production methods and processes of all kinds for the purpose of verifying their compliance with plans, specifications and rules, codes of practice, or their fitness for particular requirements.

Class surveyors can also provide other technical inspection and advisory services relating to yachts and maintain these provisions during periodical visits to ascertain that the vessel is complying with classification society regulations at all times. Any modification which would affect class must always receive prior approval by the society.

When a yacht is going to be built to class, construction plans and all particulars relevant to the hull, equipment and machinery have to be submitted for the society’s approval before the work commences. Subsequent modifications or additions to the scantlings, arrangements or equipment shown on the approved plans must also be submitted for appraisal.

Implementation Statutory aspects deal with issues such as stability, life-saving appliances, pollution prevention and structural fire protection. Generally there are quite clear dividing lines between class and statutory requirements, although there are a few exceptions.

Flag states

The flag state, or nationality, of a yacht is important because it controls which country has the right to prescribe and enforce laws governing her operation. A ship must sail under the flag of a single state. The most common method by which a ship is granted the nationality of a state is by formal registration of the ship with that state.

Upon registration the ship acquires rights and duties as a result of registration which vary depending upon the state and the conventions and treaties to which it is party.

The rights will normally include action in an international court if there is a violation of international law against the vessel by another state, and representation at international conferences and organisations.

The duties include the upholding of the law of the flag state aboard the vessel, wherever she may be in the world.

Quality flags will also provide a recognised reputation for excellence, helping the vessel to avoid lengthy Port State Control inspections in foreign ports, and give worldwide support from embassies and consuls of that state and the protection of its navy.

International Maritime Organization

Statutory regulations are not only produced by the marine administrations of countries, but also the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

While some marine or flag administrations have the ability and knowledge to produce their own legislation, this is not true for the majority of countries. As shipping is an international business an international organisation is needed to regulate statutory issues. The United Nations established the IMO for the purpose of adopting the highest standards concerning matters of safety, navigation, and pollution prevention. The IMO held its first meeting in 1959 and now comprises 165 flag state members.

The United Nations established the IMO for the purpose of adopting the highest standards concerning matters of safety, navigation, and pollution prevention

The IMO’s purpose is to facilitate the general adoption of the highest practical standards in matters concerning maritime safety, efficiency of navigation and the prevention of marine pollution from ships among governments. Since its inception the IMO has introduced 40 conventions and protocols, although it is the responsibility of member countries to put these regulations into effect.

Statutory Implementation

The process of statutory implementation begins with the development and adoption of regulations by working groups at the IMO. Before these regulations come into force they have to have been accepted by a certain percentage of the IMO’s member states. This can take some time as each country has to introduce these statutory regulations as part of their maritime law before they can actually become mandatory on the ships registered in those countries.

It is important to understand that the IMO can adopt international legislation but that it remains the prerogative of the flag state to implement and enforce it. If a yacht registers with a country that has accepted these regulations then the yacht and her operators have to comply with them.

Maintenance of compliance is verified by a regular survey regime, which is the responsibility of the flag administrations and normally carried out by flag surveyors.

Not all flag administrations have the expertise or manpower to carry out the survey regime themselves, and they often delegate this work to classification societies

This arrangement means that the same class surveyor can issue certification on behalf of a flag state for compliance with, amongst other things, the MCA Large Yacht Code and Load Line Conventions. The class surveyor can also handle issues covered by the various annexes contained within the MARPOL Regulations, such as the prevention of oil, sewage and air pollution.

Class surveyors are often empowered by the state to inspect and certify crew accommodation, safety equipment, safety radio requirements, safety of navigation requirements, international tonnage, Suez and Panama Canal Tonnage Certification, and United States Coast Guard compliance. They are also frequently called on to service the requirements of SOLAS whenever a yacht becomes liable to comply with it.

Clearly, classification and statutory certification often go hand-in-hand where statutory certification requires classification of the yacht, and where a classification society requires valid statutory certification for the class to be valid.

In the preparation of this article the authors gratefully acknowledge the help they received from:

Engel JW de Boer – Service delivery manager, Lloyd’s Register, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Mario Dogliani – Corporate affairs and communication, RINA, Genoa, Italy

Jean-Jacques Juenet – Commercial manager, Bureau Veritas (BV), Paris, France

Paul Martin – Det Norske Veritas (DNV), Houston, USA

John Guy – Merlin Corporate Communications, London, UK

Nick Gladwell – Regs4yachts, Southampton, UK

Originally published: May 2008.

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CE Categories Explained

In 1998 the European Union created a Recreational Craft Directive that established design standards for most recreational boats from 2.5 to 24 meters (8 to 79 feet).

New and used boats sold in Europe, including boats built in the US – or anywhere else – for export to Europe, must be certified as complying with one of four design categories.

The following four design categories help to quantify a boat’s degree of seaworthiness, based on the wave height and wind speed the boat is designed to encounter and handle. The further offshore the vessel is expected to venture, the higher are the expectations for construction strength, stability, freeboard, reserve buoyancy, resistance to downflooding, deck drainage and other seaworthiness criteria.

Category A: OCEAN

This rating covers largely self-sufficient boats designed for extended voyages with winds of over Beaufort Force 8 (over 40 knots), and significant wave heights above 13 feet, but excluding abnormal conditions such as hurricanes.

Category B: OFFSHORE

This rating includes boats operating offshore with winds to 40 knots and significant seas to 13 feet.

Category C – Inshore

This rating is for boats operating in coastal waters and large bays and lakes with winds to Force 6, up to 27 knots, and significant seas 7 feet high.

Category D – Inland or sheltered coastal waters

This rating is for boats in small lakes and rivers with winds to Force 4 and significant wave heights to 18 inches.

The number of people onboard can alter the seaworthiness of a boat which can change the CE rated category. The more people there are aboard, the more weight on the boat and potentially less stability which would put the boat into the next lower rating category.

While the European standards are no guarantee that a boat will be suitable in all respects for the conditions in its designated category, they help to separate the purely inshore craft from those capable of operating safely in more demanding conditions.

additional info

Boats sold in the U.S. do not have to be CE rated, but rather, must only meet a few US Coast Guard regulations which address required safety items such as PFDs and flares, carrying capacity for boats under 26’ and level flotation if swamped for boats 20’ and under. America’s version of CE Standards and Recommendations have been promulgated by the American Boat and Yacht Council — but they are strictly voluntary. Most critically, there are no ABYC design categories to differentiate between boats of different capabilities, a crucial distinction CE ratings and American NMMA certification, which itself only requires about 70% of the ABYC recommended standards. While most quality U.S. builders follow the ABYC standards and many exceed those required by the NMMA, they are not mandatory as the CE standards are in Europe.

When you’re picking out your next boat, be sure to ask what its CE classification is – or would be if it is sold in Europe.

CE CERTIFICATION

DISCLAIMER: The text, places and opinions expressed in the text above are offered in good faith. Any action taken upon from the information on this website is strictly at your own risk; and Bates Wharf Marine Sales Ltd will not be liable for any losses or damage in connection to the use of our website.

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Class Notations on Yachts – Classification Guide

9 December 2016

INTRODUCTION TO YACHTS CLASSES

Classification.

Rules are developed to establish standards for the structural strength of the large yacht’s hull and its appendages, and the suitability of the propulsion and steering systems, power generation and those other features and auxiliary systems which have been built into the ship to assist in its operation, and even pollution protection systems. A yacht may be maintained in class provided that, in the opinion of the Society concerned, it remains in compliance with the relevant Rules, as ascertained by a periodic or non-periodic survey(s). Today a vessel either meets the relevant Class Society’s Rules or it does not. As a consequence, it is either “in” or “out” of “Class”.

In summary, Class Notations on Yachts will tell you a lot about the building quality and condition of each vessel and its components on an annual basis, according to the excellence of its construction and its adjudged continuing soundness. A yacht that has been designed and built to the appropriate Rules of a Society may apply for a Certificate of Class from that Society or for a periodical survey (generally required every 5 years) meant for the Renewal of Class Certificate . Class Societies have often developed two separate sets of Rules for Commercial and Private Yachts . They can be applied to New Construction as well as Existing Yachts .

Classification Societies

Classification Societies play a fundamental role in today’s marine industry. A Society will act on behalf of ship-owners and builders to ensure high build quality and the safety of a ship’s main structural parts . Classification also provides a point of reference with regard to those who were involved in the supply chain including builders, charterers and insurers.

As an independent, self-regulating, externally audited, body, a Classification Society has no commercial interests related to ship design, shipbuilding, ship ownership, ship operation, ship management, ship maintenance or repairs, insurance, or chartering.

The process begins with the design and construction phases, focussing on the implementation and manufacture of key components as well as technical specifications. The standards which must be adhered to are dictated by the regulations of the chosen society and are published as rules, evolving continuously to incorporate new technologies and client requests via the advice of highly competent engineers and architects.

All Classification Societies waive liability for future faults as a surveyor can only record a vessel’s quality at the time of inspection; it is then the responsibility of the yacht owner to maintain the vessel and inform the society in the event of damage or structural alteration. Although the surveys are thorough, they do not cover all aspects of a ship’s build and operating service. This can include crew qualifications, navigational aids and manoeuvrability.

Classification Societies are often simply referred to as “Class Societies” or just “Class”. There are currently 13 members of the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) , each with a unique set of rules, classification layouts and notations. Five of the biggest Classification Societies are listed below, along with their identifying signature, to denote a ship constructed under special survey in compliance with the Society’s rules, suitable for unrestricted sea-going service:

The marks following the Society’s standard signature are not interchangeable between organizations, meaning each letter or number will represent a different characteristic for each society. Each mark can be broken down to highlight a yacht’s capabilities, equipment or restrictions.

Each of the Classification Societies has developed a series of notations that may be granted to a vessel to indicate that it is in compliance with some additional voluntary criteria that may be either specific to that vessel type or that are in excess of the standard classification requirements.

The Classification of a yacht does not absolve the Interested Party from compliance with any requirements issued by Administrations and any other applicable international and national regulations for the safety of life at sea and protection of the marine environment such as SOLAS, ILLC, MARPOL, ILO or IMO.

Smaller vessels are categorized differently, adhering to different requirements and statutory regulations. With a heavier focus on passenger numbers and distance of operation from shore, the Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA) outlines guidance for UK vessels (up to 24 meters in length) which are used for charter or commercial use.

As RINA is today the most reputed Classification Society in the Mediterranean and a leader in the yachting certification business, developing and offering services of ships classification, certification, verification of conformity, inspection, and testing, we will hereby provide you with a summary of their more common Class Notations on Yachts , this will be helpful to identify these most peculiar symbols :

CLASS NOTATIONS – RINA

Main class symbol.

The main class symbol C is assigned to ships built in accordance with the requirements of the Rules or other rules recognized as equivalent and maintained in a condition considered satisfactory by the Society. The period of class (or interval between class renewal surveys) assigned to a ship is a maximum of 5 years.

Except for special cases, a class is assigned to a ship only when the hull, propulsion and auxiliary machinery installations, and equipment providing essential services have all been reviewed in relation to the requirements of RINA’s Rules.

With the 5 year class period is to be understood as being the highest class granted by the Society.

Construction Marks

The construction mark identifies the procedure under which the yacht and its main equipment or arrangements have been surveyed for the initial assignment of the Class.

Construction marks defined below are assigned separately to the hull of the yacht and its appendages, to the machinery installation.

The construction mark is placed before the symbol HULL for the hull, before the symbol MACH for the machinery installations, and before the additional Class Notation granted, when such a notation is eligible for a construction mark.

When the same construction mark is assigned to both hull and machinery, the construction mark is assigned globally to the ship without indication HULL and MACH after the main class symbol.

Hull Construction Mark (HULL)

Construction mark ✠ is assigned to the hull when it has been surveyed by RINA during its construction in compliance with the new building procedure.
Construction mark ✠ is assigned to the hull when it was built under the survey of another Society.
Construction mark ● is assigned to the hull in all cases other than those listed above.

Machinery Construction Mark (MACH)

The construction mark ✠ is assigned when the propelling and auxiliary machinery has been designed, constructed, certified, installed and tested in accordance with RINA Rules.
The construction mark ✠ is assigned when the propelling and auxiliary machinery has been designed, constructed and certified in accordance with the rules of another society and installed and tested under the survey of RINA.
Construction mark ● is assigned in all cases other than those listed above.

Navigation and Operating Notations

The navigation notation UNRESTRICTED NAVIGATION is assigned to a ship intended to operate in any area and any period of the year.

Restricted operating area notations are optional and will be marked accordingly like, for example, on a specified operating area or operation service within “x” miles from shore.

Additional Class Notations

An additional Class Notation expresses the classification of additional equipment or specific arrangement, which has been requested by the Interested Party. The assignment of such an additional Class Notation is subject to the compliance with additional rule requirements.

Some additional Class Notations, due to the importance of relevant equipment or arrangements, are assigned a construction mark. This is indicated in the definition of the relevant additional Class Notations. Class Notations which may be assigned to a ship are listed according to the category to which they belong:

Automated Machinery Systems (AUT)

AUT notations are relevant to automated machinery systems installed onboard ships.

Automated machinery systems (AUT – UMS (Y))

The additional Class Notation AUT-UMS (Y) may be assigned to yachts that are fitted with automated installations enabling machinery spaces to remain periodically unattended in all sailing conditions including manoeuvring.

Integrated Ship Systems (SYS)

SYS notations are relevant to the operation of integrated systems regarding navigation, machinery, communication and specific cargo, as applicable.

Centralised Navigation Equipment (SYS-NEQ)

The additional Class Notation SYS-NEQ is assigned to yachts which are fitted with a centralized navigation control system so laid out and arranged that it enables normal navigation and manoeuvring operation of the ship by two persons in cooperation.

Centralised Navigation Equipment (SYS-NEQ-1)

The additional Class Notation SYS-NEQ-1 is assigned when, in addition to the above, the installation is so arranged that the navigation and manoeuvring of the yacht can be operated under normal conditions by one person, for a periodical one-man watch. This notation includes specific requirements for the prevention of accidents caused by the operator’s unfitness.

Integrated Bridge System (SYS-IBS)

The additional Class Notation SYS-IBS is assigned to yachts which are fitted with an integrated bridge system which allows simplified and centralized bridge operation of all main functions of navigation manoeuvring and communication, as well as monitoring from the bridge of other functions related to specific cargoes and pollution; for passenger ships, heating, ventilation and air conditioning are also included in the monitored functions

Communication System (SYS-COM)

The additional Class Notation SYS-COM is assigned to yachts which are fitted with a local area network including the alarm, monitoring and control systems and computers used for management operations and external communication devices for reporting ashore navigation, maintenance and operational information.

Damage Stability (DMS)

The additional Class Notation DMS may be assigned to yachts complying with the damage stability requirements.

STAR Notation

General STAR is a System of Trace and Analysis of Records integrating rational analysis with data and records from ship-in-service concerning planned inspection and ship maintenance.

The additional Class Notation STAR-HULL is assigned to ships on which an Inspection and Maintenance Plan (IMP) for the hull is implemented.

The notation may be completed by the suffix NB when a structural tridimensional analysis has been performed for the hull structures, at the new building stage. The suffix NB is removed when the ship enters the STAR-HULL survey program through the implementation of the Inspection and Maintenance Plan (IMP).

The additional Class Notation STAR-MACH is assigned to yachts on which an Inspection and Maintenance Plan (IMP) for the machinery is implemented. This plan is based on a risk analysis review of the installation.

STAR Notation (STAR)

When yachts are granted both STAR-HULL and STAR-MACH, the two separate notations are superseded by the cumulative additional Class Notation STAR.

Crew Accommodation and Recreational Facilities (MLCDESIGN)

According to the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 Notation:

The additional Class Notation MLCDESIGN is assigned to yachts having crew accommodation and recreational facilities complying with the Maritime Labour Convention 2006 (MLC).

GREEN PLUS Notation (Eco-Friendly Yachts)

Issued in 2008 and updated yearly, the GREEN PLUS additional Class Notation has been revised in 2012 to cover new issues for seagoing ships and ships operated at a fixed location. The additional Class Notation GREEN PLUS is assigned to Eco-Friendly yachts compliant with the Society’s environmental protection framework of airborne gases, spillage/leakage of substances, oil, sewage, greywater, garbage disposal and noise mitigation systems to prevent pollution.

Safety Class Notation EFP (Bureau Veritas)

The following additional Class Notations are assigned to yachts complying with the requirements of this Section:

EFP-A : for yachts having Enhanced Fire Safety Protection in accommodation spaces,
EFP-M : for yachts having Enhanced Fire Safety Protection in machinery spaces,
EFP-C : for yachts having Enhanced Fire Safety Protection in cargo areas,
EFP-AMC : for yachts complying with all the requirements of this Section.

For more information on Class Notations on Yachts – Classification of Yachts , please feel free to contact Allied Yachting .

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What does a yacht’s ‘C’ designation represent?

When it comes to yachts, there are certain designations that you might see on a vessel that indicate its size and capabilities. One of these designations is the ‘C’ rating, and it is an important factor to consider if you are looking to purchase or operate a yacht. So what exactly does the ‘C’ rating represent, and why is it so crucial?

The ‘C’ rating is a classification that is used by yacht builders and designers to indicate a yacht’s seaworthiness in various conditions. In general, the ‘C’ rating is used to designate yachts that are suitable for coastal cruising and offshore sailing in relatively calm conditions. This means that a yacht with a ‘C’ rating should be able to handle waves up to 2 meters in height and winds up to 6 on the Beaufort scale.

Yachts that are rated with a ‘C’ designation are generally smaller in size, with lengths ranging from around 18 to 30 feet. These vessels are often built with sleeker designs and lighter materials, which allows them to move quickly on the water and handle moderate waves with ease. They may also be equipped with features such as self-draining cockpits, sturdy rigging, and reinforced hulls to help ensure their seaworthiness.

While the ‘C’ rating is an important consideration for any yacht owner or operator, it is especially crucial if you plan to venture out into open waters. Even if you are only planning to sail along the coast, you never know when you might encounter rough seas or strong winds that require a solid and reliable vessel. By choosing a yacht with a ‘C’ rating, you can have confidence that it has been designed and built with the necessary features to handle various conditions and keep you safe on the water.

So if you’re in the market for a yacht, make sure to look for the ‘C’ designation to ensure you get a vessel that is up to the task. With a ‘C’-rated yacht, you can enjoy cruising along the coast or heading offshore with confidence and ease.

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C-Class Catamarans

2013 fill your hands.

In response to the 2013 America’s Cup the C-Class competitors began developing daggerboard foils that would lift the boats clear above the water. We had designed a foiling boat back in 2007 called Off Y’er Rocker that was a successful foiler, but not fast enough to beat our other displacement boats.

Fill Your Hands was designed to experiment with various new foiling techniques. It is easy to fly a boat, but difficult to keep it under control when flying – especially in a two man boat when there is little time to dedicate to flight control. Experiments with C-Foils, L-foils, and J-foils were progressing well, but time ran out before stable flight was achieved. Fill Your Hands ranked 3rd at the 2013 International C-Class Championship in Falmouth, England.

2010 Canaan

Canaan was designed for the 2010 Little America’s Cup Event in Newport, R.I. Hull shape development for this boat led to less wetted surface and a more gradual run aft than Alpha . For more efficient control we moved the rudders under the hulls. The sailplan is taller and shorter on the chord which provides less drag and a smaller tip vortex and secondarily allows the crew to fly a hull earlier. Piloted by owner Fred Eaton and wingman Magnus Clarke she was the winner of the 2010 ICCCC (formerly known as the Little America’s Cup) beating her sistership Alpha , sailed by the Australian team of Jimmy Spithill and Glenn Ashby.

Orion was developed in 2009 to experiment with low volume bow shapes. The wing, crossbeams and rudders were all produced from existing tooling from Alpha . At this time we were realizing that the top end speed of these boats is reached at the relatively low wind speed of 10 knots and were looking for ways to increase that speed in the higher wind range. As the sea state increases with more wind, could we reduce the drag of the hull by fining up the bow and reducing the pitching of the hull? Now that we were using winglets on the rudders, the tendency of the bow to dive when pressed hard was less of a problem.

These hulls were clean in their entry into the water but were too fine, in retrospect, and even with the help of rudder winglets could not provide enough buoyancy forward in high winds.

2007 Rocker

One of the more interesting experiments of our C-Class campaign was the creation of the hydrofoil-borne C-Class cat, Off Yer Rocker (an appropriate name on two levels).

As newcomers to the class, we were surprised to learn that the top speed of C-Class cats was limited to around 22 knots. Our helmsman and project leader, Fred Eaton, previously had been focused on skiff racing, most of it in International 14s, with a couple of seasons racing 18 footers which frequently exceed the C-Class maximum speeds. It seemed odd to him that boats as fast around the course as C-Class cats had such a “low” top speed, and with naïve enthusiasm we thought that was an area for improvement. From the first days of the campaign, Eaton was determined to try to do so.

After looking at the merits of T-foils, L-foils and full width foils, we decided to model our approach on the T-foil system with wand control that had proven so successful in the Moth. Our general theory, then, was to design a hydrofoil that could get to the weather mark soon after a conventional C-Class cat, and then pass them with dramatically improved speed and direction on downwind legs.

The downfall of Rocker was the added wetted surface of many foils under the water and reduced righting moment due to a reduction in beam to meet the C-Class 14’ max beam restriction (for hulls and foils). She flew nicely, was under control, but a few knots slower on average than Alpha.

Alpha , winner of the 2007 International C-Class Catamaran Championship , is constructed from lightweight carbon fibre and carries an adjustable-camber hardsail (wingsail).

The C-Class rules leave ample room for imagination. Make a symmetrical catamaran that fits into a box 25 feet long, 14 feet wide, stick on 300 square feet of sail area and you will be legal. Any kind of sail, any hull shape, any weight, any material. A designer’s dream.

The boat was sailed by project leader/skipper Fred Eaton, and wingman Magnus Clarke. While I was the chief designer, Fred and Magnus both played significant roles on the design team and that improved their understanding of the boat while sailing.

In any race victory there are a host of small factors that combine to produce success. In our opinion, the biggest factors that led to our win in the C-Class Championships were our lower overall weight (the lightest C-Class ever built at 360 lbs. ready to sail), our high aspect ratio, thin foil section hardsail and the crew’s opportunity to spend more time on the water leading up to the event. The latter gave them an edge in boat handling and racecourse tactics, which played a significant part in the result.

Category A “Ocean” Certification – What Does It Mean?

MJM made it a primary objective that all MJMs would be certified at the highest level of safety possible… which meant those models under 40 feet are ISO CE Certified Category B Offshore, while the 40z and 50z are Certified ISO CE Certified Category A Ocean. There are no other boats of their type, of any size, achieving this high level of offshore safety. In fact, in the worldwide database of the International Marine Certification Institute (IMCI), we have only identified two other models under 40-feet with this certification, both being heavy displacement trawlers. The former achieves this with a low vertical center of gravity and the latter with massive tonnage. What does ISO Certification mean and how should it affect one’s peace of mind on the water? Let’s take a look at the subject.

When the European Union started in 1998, a Recreational Craft Directive was developed to set design/building standards for recreational boats up to 24 meters (79 feet). New and used boats sold in Europe, including boats built in the U.S. or anywhere else being exported to Europe, had to be certified as complying with one of four design categories for seaworthiness. These categories are based on factors such as the wave height and wind speed a given design is capable of handling, plus hull scantlings/strength and stability.

In essence, the further offshore a vessel is expected to venture, the greater the requirements for the vessel’s construction strength, stability, reserve buoyancy, resistance to flooding, deck drainage, crew safety, and other seaworthiness criteria have to be. Let’s take a look at the four categories.

Category A — Ocean – This is the category with the toughest standards and covers vessels 40’ and over designed to be self-sufficient for extended voyages. It is defined as the “category of boats considered suitable for seas of up to 23 feet (7 meters) significant wave height and winds of Beaufort Force 9 (41-47 knots) or less, but excluding abnormal conditions such as hurricanes.”

Category B — Offshore – These boats are designed to go offshore with the ability to handle winds up to gale force 8 of 40 knots, and seas up to 13 feet (3.96 meters).

The difference between Category A & B is shown in the above graphic, where Mass is tons and AVS is the Angle of Vanishing Stability when the boat goes upside down. Category A boats need to be to the right of and above the blue line and a Category B boats to the right and above the red line.

Category C — Inshore – These boats may venture away from the protected harbors, but within striking distance of home… operating in coastal waters or large bays and lakes with winds up to 27 knots with and significant seas 8 feet (2.44 meters) high.

Category D — Inland or sheltered coastal waters – These are your typical day boats, operating in protected harbors, small lakes and rivers with winds to Force 4 (up to 16 knots) and significant wave heights to 4 feet (1.22 meters).

Now This Is Important

While a builder may claim that a boat is designed to a certain standard, it doesn’t necessarily mean that it ends up being built to it, unless inspected and certified by an IMCI (International Marine Certification Institute) surveyor, AND the builder can show you this plaque affixed to a bulkhead.

Because the number of people in the boat can reduce stability, the plaque shows the max number of people for Category A conditions, which on the 40z is 16. That’s not a USCG limit for liability purposes at all times. That’s just for Category A conditions.

Good story here. When Bob Johnstone was told that the 50z could carry only 2 more people under Category A than the 40z (18 versus 16), he was concerned about losing a 50z sale to a 40z owner who was moving up, because he wanted to be able to take 20 or so friends on the ICW to eat at Coconuts Restaurant near Bahia Mar… and might be concerned about the liability. “No worries,” said the IMCI surveyor, “We can provide the 50z with a ‘B’ rating as well as an ‘A’ rating, showing he can carry 30 people…and if he’s just going down the ICW or close to shore, you can post a ‘C’ rating, too, showing a capacity for 50 people.” Bob thought was going a bit too far and was happy to settle with the following plaque for the 50z.

Impact on Design and Manufacturing?

MJM Yachts is dedicated to producing the safest, strongest and most durable yachts possible. For this reason, while those under 40 feet can only be rated “B,” each of our powerboats is designed and built to exceed small craft structural requirements for ISO Category A Ocean. ISO requirements for strength are based on a design’s top speed and the expected impact to be absorbed by hull bottom and sides, as well as decks, bulkheads, structural grid, and any part of the vessel’s structure. The laminate schedule and materials are then specified to meet such stringent requirements.

ISO standards for polyester or vinylester resin and the 50:50 glass-to-resin ratio are lower than those achieved on MJMs, built by Boston Boatworks. An MJM is built using a wet prepreg epoxy, Kevlar, Eglass and Corecell with a glass-to-resin ratio of 62:38. Epoxy is significantly more expensive, but 25% stronger, unlikely to crack with use, and is water-resistant… which is why epoxy is used to coat the bottom of boats suffering from osmotic blistering. The MJM is built right from the start!

That’s Not All…

ISO CE certification also takes into account engine emissions. In a world where greenhouse emissions are taking their toll on our environment, this is an important point. Meeting strict ISO CE emissions standards is comparable to meeting similar U.S. CARB requirements.

Additionally, sound levels will come into play. Boats are limited to 75 decibels for a single engine and 78 decibels for twin, triple or quad installations from a distance of 25 meters.

Highest Standards for MJM Yachts

MJM meets and exceeds all applicable standards, because ISO CE standards are more stringent than those of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC), or National Marine Manufacturers Association (NMMA) which mirror ABYC.

Boats sold in the U.S. do not have to be ISO CE certified… which costs upwards of $20,000 per model. USCG regulations require safety items such as PFDs and flares, carrying capacity for boats under 26 feet (7.93 meters), and level flotation if swamped for boats 20 feet (6.1 meters) and under. ABYC has distributed American versions of ISO CE Standards and Recommendations…but, they are strictly voluntary. Most critically, there are no ABYC design categories to differentiate between boats of different capabilities suitable to differing sea and wind conditions.

NMMA certification in the U.S. requires only about 70% of the ABYC recommended standards. While most U.S. builders follow the ABYC standards, and indeed many exceed those required by the NMMA, they are not mandatory as is the case in Europe with ISO CE mark standards and don’t involve the cost and post-build survey inspection of ISO.

The MJM Category A Ocean certification ensures MJM owners are boating on a stronger, more stable yacht, designed and built to exceed the highest standards in the world. It means having the peace of mind that comes with knowing that should you find yourself in weather and sea conditions outside your prior boating experience, you will be in one of the safest powerboats in the world. At sea, that comfort is the most important form of comfort a yacht can have.

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Pamlico Yachtworks Department: Accounting Position: CFO

Pamlico Yachtworks seeks CFO well-versed in all aspects of financial management ranging from simple accounting to broad investment and banking operations.

Key attributes for candidates:

High-plant-touch orientation
High technical financial, accounting and tax expertise, along with
Exceptional “affability/teaming” attributes, in
Complex, mid-tier manufacturing environments

Employee Duties & Responsibilities

monthly/periodic financial reports and analyses.
projections and budgets
reconciliation with requisite supporting information for accurate presentation of the financial reports.
Oversees the accounting function (accounting, accounts payable and payroll) and billing and collections functions of the organization.
forecasting cash flows and operating results
presenting financial and other information to the leadership team and the Board of Directors.

Requirements and skills

Proven experience as CFO, finance officer or relevant role
In depth knowledge of corporate financial law and risk management practices
Excellent knowledge of data analysis and forecasting methods
Proficient in the use of MS Office, MS Excel, QuickBooks, ERP and financial management software
CPA is a strong advantage
BSc/BA in Accounting, Finance or relevant field; MSc/MBA is a plus

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Understanding Yacht Classifications – Definitions, Explanations, and Regulations

Yacht classifications, also known as classification societies or class societies , are an important part of maritime safety. These classifications dictate the design, construction and ongoing maintenance of large commercial vessels and yachts.

The classifications provide highly detailed and technical standards that cover the yacht’s hull, its engines, and key safety systems. The application of common safety requirements to personal vessels like yachts is something relatively new, so the procedures are constantly evolving. Typically, it is dependant on the service and the flag of the yacht.

Standard Yacht Types

Before discussing the different types of yacht classifications, it’s important to understand the different yacht types. Yachts are typically segmented based on the overall length and how many passengers they can accommodate. The standard yacht classification types are large yachts or luxury sailing yachts, commercial yachts, and private yachts.

Large Yachts

Large yachts, also known as luxury yachts, is the largest classification type for yachts. A large yacht has a load line length equal to or over 24m or about 80 feet. Just about every flag administrations have adopted safety codes for large yachts. Therefore, this is the only yacht definition having a universal meaning in the international regulatory framework of yachts.

Commercial Yachts

Commercial yachts are ones that are used for commercial use, whether it be sport or charter. These ships do not transport or carry any cargo and carry no more than 12 passengers.

All flag states require that commercial yachts are certified in accordance with a specific large yacht safety code. The most widely used safety code is the MCA Large Commercial Yacht Code (LY2) published in 2004.

Private Yachts

Private yachts are typical pleasure vessels used for the recreational and leisure purpose of its owner and his guests. In some cases, they are also known as cruising yachts.

What Is A Classification Society?

Classification societies are organizations that set the rules that govern the construction, maintenance, and operation of yachts and vessels. Currently, there are 13 members of the International Association of Classification Societies . Classification societies were first started when insurance underwriters at Lloyd’s of London set standards for the ships that they would ensure.

As a result, Lloyd’s Register of Shipping (LR) was the original classification society. While many of the 13 members do not classify yachts, they cover everything from container ships to supertankers.

The main class societies involved in yachting are the American Bureau of Shipping, Bureau Veritas, Det Norske Veritas, Germanischer Lloyd, Lloyd’s Register, and RINA.

What Is A Flag State?

A vessel’s flag state is the jurisdiction or nationality under whose laws the vessel is registered or licensed. The flag state has the authority and responsibility to create regulations for vessels registered under its flag. These typically involve those relating to the inspection, certification, and issuance of safety and pollution prevention documents for a vessel.

Different flag administrations may perform inspections on the safety aspects of yachts using their own inspectors or use classification societies or other recognized organizations to perform these inspections.

The main flag authorities in the yachting industry are the UK-MCA, Cayman Islands, Isle of Man, Malta, the Marshall Islands, Italy, and Luxembourg.

What Is The Classification Process

The first step of classification involves the assessment of a yacht’s designs and regular inspections during the construction or conversion of a yacht. Once it is confirmed that all standards have been met, a certificate of classification is issued.

The certificate details the standards met, the intended use for the vessel, and whether the vessel should be used only in sheltered waters. The certificate is evidence that a yacht meets industry standards but isn’t necessarily a guarantee of seaworthiness.

Maintaining classification is achieved through regular surveys. These surveys, also known as ‘special’ surveys, typically take place every five years. These surveys assess things like the thickness of the hull, possible fractures, and other potential damage. They also consider the condition of electrical systems, machinery, and equipment.

Mandatory Classification Certificates

There are a variety of different classification certificates. The number and type of the mandatory certificates for a given ship will depend on its size.

International Tonnage Certificate This expresses the internal volumes of the yacht in gross tons. Unlike displacement tonnage, this does not quantify the weight of a vessel.

Large Yacht Code Certificate This certificate covers navigational and signaling equipment, life-saving appliances, fire protection, means of escape, and manning and crew accommodation.

Class Certificate This mainly deals with the yacht’s hull, machinery, electrical equipment, and outfitting.

International Load Line Certificate This certificate covers the weather-tightness of the yacht.

Safety Radio Certificate This certificate only applies if gross tonnage exceeds 300GT. It covers radio communication and distress installations.

MARPOL Annex I Certificate This certificate only applies if gross tonnage exceeds 400GT and covers the disposal of oil and bilge water.

MARPOL Annex IV Certificate This certificate only applies if gross tonnage exceeds 400GT or the yacht is certified to carry more than 15 people and covers the disposal of sewage from ships.

MARPOL Annex V This certificate covers the disposal of rubbish and applies to all ships.

MARPOL Annex VI This is applicable if gross tonnage exceeds 400GT as well as to all main and auxiliary engines with a power exceeding 130kW. It concerns the emissions from main and auxiliary engines (NOx and SOx).

Safety Construction and Safety Equipment These cover machinery, electrical parts, life-saving and navigational equipment for yachts with a gross tonnage above 500GT.

International Safety Management Certificate This only applies to yachts with a gross tonnage greater than 500GT. A certified management company is requested to carry out this service, preparing operational manuals, procedures for drills, and taking care of the maintenance of the yacht and its installations.

International Ship and Port Security Certificate This only applies to yachts and ships with a gross tonnage greater than 500GT and covers the anti-piracy certification. A certified management company is requested to provide ashore assistance and establish onboard procedures and operational manuals.

Keeping Your Yacht Up To Classification

Tess Electrical has years of experience in maintaining yachts and commercial vessels. We deal with vessels 125’ and above, which have more complex systems dictated by Classification, Flag State and Insurance requirements. Even if vessels are not classed, we can still maintain them to those standards.

Give us a call or send us an email to speak with one of our experienced marine engineers about developing a maintenance strategy for your yacht today.

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America’s Cup boats: 8 facts about the AC75 and why they’re unique

Toby Heppell
August 20, 2024

The America's Cup boats to be used on the 2024 edition of the event are immensely complicated high tech bits of kit. They might be officially sailing craft but they behave in some remarkable ways

The AC75 is the class of boat that takes part in the America’s Cup and are arguably the most radical boats the compeition has ever seen. This type of America’s Cup boat was first used in the 2021 America’s Cup so this is the second event in which these boats have been used.

The America’s Cup is, fundamentally, a design competition, and successive America’s Cups have featured the most extreme yachts yet – for their time – ever since the first race in 1851.

However, the foiling boats we have seen in the last four editions of America’s Cup racing (the AC72 and AC50 catamarans, and now the AC75 monohulls) do represent a new direction for the highest level of sailing.

There are plenty who argue that this technology is so far beyond the bounds of what most people consider sailing as to be an entirely different sport. Equally, there are those who believe this is simply a continuation of the development that the America’s Cup has always pushed to the fore, from Bermudan rigs, to composite materials, winged keels, and everything in between.

Good arguments can be made either way and foiling in the world’s oldest sporting trophy will always be a subjective and controversial topic. But one thing is certain: the current America’s Cup boats, the AC75s, are unlike anything seen before and are showcasing to the world just what is possible under sail power alone.

Photo: Ian Roman / America’s Cup

1 Unimaginable speed

Topping the 50-knot barrier used to be the preserve of extreme speed record craft and kiteboarders. A World Speed Sailing Record was set in 2009 of 51.36 knots by Alain Thebault in his early foiling trimaran, Hydroptere , and was bested in 2010 by kite boarder, Alexandre Caizergues who managed 54.10 knots.

Only one craft has ever topped 60-knots, the asymmetric Vestas Sail Rocket 2 , which was designed for straight line speed only and could no more get around an America’s Cup course than cross an ocean. Such records are set by sailing an average speed over the course of 500m, usually over a perfectly straight, flat course in optimum conditions.

America’s Cup class yachts, designed to sail windward/leeward courses around marks, are now hitting speeds that just over a decade ago were the preserve of specialist record attempts, while mid-race. American Magic has been recorded doing 53.31 knots on their first version of the AC75 class, Patriot.

Perhaps even more impressive, in the right conditions when racing we have seen some boats managing 40 knots of boatspeed upwind in around 17 knots of wind. That is simply unheard of in performance terms and almost unimaginable just three or so years ago.

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2 A storm onboard the AC75

Related to the speeds the boats are sailing through the water, particularly upwind, is the wind speeds the sailors will feel on deck.

When sailing, the forward motion affects the wind we experience onboard, known as apparent wind. The oft’ trotted out explanation of how apparent wind works is to imagine driving your car at 50mph. Roll down the window and stick your hand out of it and there will be 50mph of wind hitting your hand from the direction your car is travelling.

So when an AC75 is sailing upwind in 18 knots of breeze at a boatspeed of 40 knots, the crew on deck will be experiencing 40 knots of wind over the decks plus a percentage of the true wind speed – depending on their angle to the wind.

The AC75 crews might be sailing in only 18 knots of breeze – what would feel like a decent summer breeze on any other boat – but they experience winds of around 50 knots.

To put that into context, that is a storm force 10 on the Beaufort scale!

3 Righting moment changes

The single most radical development of the AC75 is to take a 75ft ‘keelboat’, but put no keel on it whatsoever.

When the then America’s Cup Defender and the Challenger of Record, Emirates Team New Zealand and Luna Rossa Prada Pirelli respectively, announced that the 36th America’s Cup (to be held in 2021) would be sailed in 75ft monohulls, conventional wisdom had it that the boats would look something like a TP52 or a Maxi72 – both impressively high performance keelboats.

By doing away with the keel entirely, the design is now like nothing we have ever seen, particularly when it comes to how dynamic the power transition is between foiling and not foiling.

The boats are designed to foil on the leeward foil, with the windward one raised to help increase righting moment: to help balance the boat. This means that when the AC75 is not foiling they are extremely tippy – much more so than most other boats of the same size.

Essentially, when the wind catches the sails, the boat wants to fall over as there is too much sail area for the amount of weight underneath the boat – something a lead keel usually counters on a yacht or keelboat.

Once the boat is up and on the foils, however, that all changes, as everything to windward of the single foil in the water balances the sails. That means, the hull, the crew weight, the sail and rig weight, and the windward foil, all work to counter the sails.

What all this means is that the boats go from being extremely tippy, to hugely powerful in just the few seconds it takes to get up on the foil. “The [AC75s] are really very tippy pre-foiling and then they go through the transition where they will need to build significant power. Then immediately [once they lift off] you have more stability than, well, take your pick, but certainly more righting moment than something like a Volvo 70 with a big canting keel.

“That change all happens in a very short space of time,” explained Burns Fallow of North Sails, who was one of the team who developed the soft wing concept back when the concept was revealed.

Photo: Ricardo Pinto / America’s Cup

4 ‘Cyclors’ return to power America’s Cup boats

Bak in 2017 Emirates Team New Zealand stormed to America’s Cup victory in an AC50 foiling catamaran which was, by some margin, quicker than any of the other teams.

The most glaring difference was their use of pedal grinders to produce power rather than traditional pedestal arm grinders. ETNZ’s sci-fi style term for their grinders was ‘cyclors’, cyclist sailors.

The idea had actually been tried before in the America’s Cup; Pelle Petterson used pedal grinders on the 12-metre Sverige in 1977. But ETNZ’s set-up now was very different: here it was part of a linked chain of innovations, the most obvious emblem of a radical approach.

One obvious benefit was the greater power output from using legs to pedal, but beyond this it left cyclists’ hands free and allowed the team to use a highly sophisticated system of fingertip control systems, and thus to use faster, less stable foils, and then to divide up crew roles so ETNZ could be sailed in a different way.

When the AC75 was first introduced in 2021, Cyclors were specifically banned by the class rule. However, with a reduction of crew numbers from 11 to 8 in the second AC75 class rule – in use for the 2024 America’s Cup – cyclors are now allowed once again and all teams look set to be using pedal power onboard.

5 America’s Cup boats may not be heading where they point

With the AC75 sailing on its foil, drag is dramatically reduced, vast amounts of power can be generated and so speeds rapidly increase. But the foils can serve another purpose too.

In order to be able to lift each foil out of the water, the foil arms must be able to be raised and lowered. Hence the foil wings, which sit at the bottom of the foil arms (and are usually a T or Y shape), do not always sit perpendicular to the water surface and the AC75s often sail with them canted over to something nearer 45º to the surface.

The further out the leeward foil arm is canted – essentially more raised – the closer the AC75 flies to surface and, crucially, the more righting moment is generated as the hull and rest of the boat gets further from the lifting surface of the foil.

There is another positive to this: as the lifting foil is angled, it produces lift to windward, which can force the boat more towards the wind than the angle it is sailing.

Due to this negative leeway (as it is known when a foil creates lift to windward) the boat can be pointing at a compass heading of say 180º but in fact will be sailing at eg 177º as the foil pushes the boat sideways and to weather, essentially sailing to windward somewhat diagonally.

6 The foils are heavy. Very heavy.

As the foils work to provide stability to the boat (when it is stationary both foils are dropped all the way down to stop it tipping over) and to provide massive amounts of righting moment, they are incredibly heavy.

A pair of foil wings and flaps (excluding the one-design foil arm which attaches them to the boat and lifts them up and down) weigh 1842kg. To put that into perspective, the entire boat itself with all equipment (but without the crew) weighs between 6200kg and 6160kg. So the foil wings at the base of the foil arms are nearly ⅓ of the total weight of the boat.

It is partly due to this that you will see some teams with bulbs on their foils. If you decide to go for a skinny foil wing (which would be low drag and so faster) then there will not be enough volume to cram sufficient material in to make the foil weigh enough. So some teams have decided to add a bulb in order to make it weigh enough but to also keep a less draggy, slimmer foil shape.

7 Sails can invert at the head

As with everything on the AC75, the mainsail was a relatively new concept when the boat was first announced. It consists of two mainsails which are attached to both corners of a D-shaped mast tube. This has the effect of creating a profile similar to a wing.

It is well established that solid wing sails are more efficient at generating power than a soft sail and for this reason solid wings were used in both the America’s Cup in 2013 and 2017. But there are drawbacks with a wing: they cannot be lowered if something goes wrong and require a significant amount of manpower and a crane to put it on or take it off a boat.

One reason a wing makes for such a powerful sail is that the shape can be manipulated from top to bottom fairly easily with the right controls. With the AC75 the designers wanted a sail that could have some of this manipulation, produce similar power but could also be dropped while out on the water. The twin skin, ‘soft wing’ is what they came up with for this class of America’s Cup boat.

In addition to the usual sail controls, within the rules, the teams are allowed to develop systems for controlling the top few metres of the mainsail and the bottom few metres.

What this means is that the teams are able to manipulate their mainsail in a number of different ways to develop power and control where that power is produced in the sail. But it also means that they have the ability to invert the head of the sail.

Doing this effectively means ‘tacking’ the top of the sail while the rest of the sail is in its usual shape. The advantage here is that instead of trying to tip the boat to leeward, the very top of the sail will be trying to push the boat upright and so creating even more righting moment. The disadvantage is that it would come at the cost of increased aerodynamic drag.

We know that a number of America’s Cup teams are able to do this, though whether it is effective is another question and it is very hard to spot this technique being used while the boats are racing at lightning speeds.

8 America’s Cup meets F1

A new America’s Cup boat is a vastly complex bit of kit. Each team has incredibly powerful Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software packages and simulators in order to try to understand the various gains and losses.

To make these simulators and computer projections as accurate as possible each team has been getting as much data as they can over their three year development cycle.

In the case of this America’s Cup it does seem the development process is genuinely getting closer to Formula 1 (albeit with smaller budgets than a modern F1 team has behind them).

INEOS Britannia have been work alongside the all powerful Mercedes F1 team (both of who are backed by INEOS) and have been open about how much this has helped their development process and after a relatively small amount of collaboration in 2021 the British team and Mercedes have created a much tighter relationship for the 2024 America’s Cup .

But the British team is not alone. When two-time America’s Cup winner, Alinghi announced they would be coming back to the event after some years on the sidelines, they also announced their own tie-in with current F1 World Champions, Red Bull Racing, to for Alinghi Red Bull Racing .

“It’s really similar to F1,” explains Mercedes Applied Science Principal Engineer Thomas Batch who has 11 F1 titles to his name and is was with INEOS in Auckland 2021. “Certainly in this campaign the technology is close to what we have in F1.

“In terms of raw sensors on the boat you are probably talking in the 100s but then we take that and we make that into mass channels and additional analysis with computational versions of those channels that we then analyse and get into in more detail. So you are looking at 1000s of plots that we can delve into [per race or training session].

“That level of data analysis and then feedback with the sailors is very similar to working with an [F1] driver.”

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