danese yacht building srl

DANESE YACHT BUILDING

• Organization
• Partnership
• 2024 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013

Danese Yacht Building is a company specialized in the production of boats in composite and reinforced materials, both for work and specifically for passenger transport.  Thanks to our experience and knowledge of the processing of composite materials we are able to create models, molds and boats of any type and quality.

Privacy Overview

Costruzione di barche da diporto  e da lavoro in vetroresina

"Il processo di costruzione di barche da diporto in vetroresina unisce la leggerezza e la resistenza dei  materiali compositi e rinforzati  non trascurando le tecniche di infusione .

Personalizzazione e customizzazione delle barche secondo le esigenze del cliente

"La personalizzazione e la customizzazione delle barche sono la chiave per creare un'esperienza unica in mare, adattando ogni dettaglio alle esigenze .

Siamo, in Italia, tra i più importanti costruttori conto terzi di scocche in vetroresina per imbarcazioni da diporto a vela e a motore, dai 12 ai 35 metri di lunghezza.

In tutti questi anni ci siamo affermati quale fornitore di fiducia dei più blasonati cantieri italiani, fondando il nostro successo sulla collaborazione diretta con i designer e gli uffici tecnici dei committenti e mettendo in campo sin dalle fasi di progettazione tanto la tecnologia che l'abilità artigianale delle nostre strutture e della nostra manodopera.

È in virtù di queste capacità che possiamo garantire prodotti di elevata qualità sia per lo studio dei particolari, sia per il notevole livello di affidabilità.

Impostazioni avanzate

Qui puoi personalizzare le preferenze sui cookie. Abilita o disabilita le seguenti categorie e salva la tua selezione.

research topics about healthy eating

• business plan
• course work
• research paper

Danese Yacht Building Srl

Imprese simili, valutazioni, news e media, dati societari di danese yacht building srl, affidabilità creditizia di danese yacht building srl.

Valuta la capacità di un soggetto di onorare gli impegni finanziari, aiutando a prevedere il rischio di inadempienza nei pagamenti.

Persone in Danese Yacht Building Srl

Iscriviti ora gratuitamente.

Accedi a tutte le informazioni di Danese Yacht Building Srl , di altre 6 milioni di imprese e 13 milioni di contatti con i prodotti Cerved pensati per te!

Descrizione di Danese Yacht Building Srl

La societa' ha per oggetto le seguenti attivita':- la lavorazione e fornitura di manufatti di qualunque tipo e pregio realizzati in materiali compositi e rinforzati, siano essi per usi civili, industriali o navali;- la produzione di imbarcazioni da lavoro, diporto e/ o sportive, in materiali compositi e rinforzati, per se' e/ o per terzi, nonche' il loro commercio all' ingrosso e al dettaglio e noleggio;- lo studio e la produzione di modelli e stampi per uso civile, industriale, navale e da diporto. La societa', al fine di poter raggiungere il proprio obiettivo sociale, potra' gestire darsene e specchi d' acqua, con posti barca, compreso il trasporto passeggeri con proprie imbarcazioni. La societa' potra' infine, in ogni caso( vale a dire con riferimento a tutta l' attivita' sociale) sempre nel rispetto dei limiti e delle riserve di legge( esclusi pertanto ogni attivita' e servizio incompatibili o demandati a professionisti abilitati), compiere qualsiasi operazione mobiliare, immobiliare, commerciale, industriale e finanziaria ritenuta necessaria od utile per il raggiungimento dell' oggetto sociale, nonche', al medesimo scopo( e cosi' sempre in via strumentale), prestare avalli, fideiussioni ed ogni altra forma di garanzia, anche reale, a favore e nell' interesse di chiunque( ovviamente esclusa la generalita' del pubblico), acquistare partecipazioni e/ o interessenze in altre societa' ed imprese aventi oggetto analogo, affine o comunque connesso al proprio( sempre a scopo di stabile investimento e non di collocamento).

Domande frequenti su Danese Yacht Building Srl

• DANESE GROUP ‹ Back
• Calypso Corporations
• Approdo delle Indie
• Nautical Store
• Adriatic Cup
• Servizi ‹ Back
• Installazione
• Manutenzioni
• ATTREZZATURE
• YACHT ‹ Back
• DANESE STORE
• ITALIAN YACHT STORE – CALYPSO

PROFESSIONALITA' E COMPETENZA

Il Cantiere Navale Danese spy-toilet.com nasce, come ragione sociale, nel 1984 grazie all’iniziativa del proprietario fondatore e progettista Giovanni Danese, che lavorava nell’ambito delle riparazioni navali già dal lontano 1959. Il Cantiere Navale Danese ( CND ) ha iniziato la sua attività con la riparazione di piccoli natanti, per poi passare man mano a importanti allestimenti, costruzioni di componenti e modifiche strutturali su grosse imbarcazioni da diporto, militari e racing (Off-Shore). Punto di forza dell’azienda è il settore meccanico che vanta 40 anni di esperienza e svolge svariate attività (revisione, riparazione e installazione)  su linee d’assi, piedi poppieri, motori principali, gruppi elettrogeni, componenti oleodinamici e accessori.

Tra i suoi più importanti clienti il cantiere annovera, Carabinieri, Marina Militare, Capitaneria di Porto, Guardia di Finanza, Polizia di Stato, e Vigili del Fuoco per quanto concerne il settore militare.

Per quanto riguarda il diporto invece, il CND è da molti anni un punto di riferimento importante per l’assistenza delle barche del Gruppo FERRETTI YACHT,  diventando www.pornfuck24.com un MASTER SERVICE POINT per tutto il Sud Italia, oltre ad avere contatti diretti con le più importanti aziende e cantieri operanti nel settore diportistico della nautica.

LAVORI IN QUOTA AUTORIZZATI

“Scopri le opportunità e i vantaggi dei nostri servizi di lavori in quota presso il cantiere danese. Chiedi informazioni oggi stesso per un’esperienza professionale al di sopra delle tue aspettative!”

I NOSTRI YACHT

Resta aggiornato !

Non inviamo spam! Leggi la nostra Informativa sulla privacy per avere maggiori informazioni.

Controlla la tua casella di posta o la cartella spam per confermare la tua iscrizione

SCOPRI DI PIÙ

CONTATTACI PER MAGGIORI INFORMAZIONI

Il tuo nome (richiesto)

La tua email (richiesto)

Ho letto e accetto le condizioni sulla Privacy Policy

I NOSTRI PARTNER

Officina autorizzata.

SERVICE POINT

ASSISTENZA E VENDITA

Like the roulette game, players can choose the live option where a live dealer deals the cards in face of the player who watches the dealer via a webcam. UK only – your deposit balance (defined as Transaction Balance under our Withdrawal Policy) is available for withdrawal at any time. Binion’s creation of the World Series helped the game of poker spread and become popular www.nettikasinotsuomessa.org . The casino accepts players from the US.

L’attenzione e la tutela per il cliente pone il Cantiere come un riferimento operativo e pronto a intervenire 24 ore su 24 su tutto il territorio pugliese. Un call center dedicato h 24 gestisce richieste di intervento su tutto il territorio nazionale e internazionale.

Articoli recenti

• Gentilina, lasciare tutto e vivere su una barca. La storia di una famiglia che ha scelto il mare come casa
• Presentazione Pershing 62
• Cantiere Danese all’ International Boat Show
• Cantiere Danese tra gli espositori del Salone Nautico di Puglia 2017

Via Luigi Rizzo, 8- Brindisi 72100

  (+39) 0831.412636 (h24)

(+39) 0831.412866

(+39) 393.9510734 (Orario d'ufficio)

[email protected]

© 2024 Cantiere Danese - P.IVA 01209640745 - Via Luigi Rizzo 8, Brindisi 72100 (BR) - [email protected] - REA: BR-55319 -  Privacy Policy - Supported by Moviweb

Fatturato e analisi utile/perdita di Danese Yacht Building Srl

Dettaglio danese yacht building srl.

Evoluzione del fatturato

Aziende simili

Vuoi sempre dati aggiornati nel tuo database B2B?

Contattaci per arricchire i dati del tuo CRM o per integrare le informazioni attraverso API

• Visit Our Blog about Russia to know more about Russian sights, history
• Check out our Russian cities and regions guides
• Follow us on Twitter and Facebook to better understand Russia
• Info about getting Russian visa , the main airports , how to rent an apartment
• Our Expert answers your questions about Russia, some tips about sending flowers

Russian regions

• Arkhangelsk oblast
• Kaliningrad oblast
• Karelia republic
• Komi republic
• Leningrad oblast
• Murmansk oblast
• Nenets okrug
• Novgorod oblast
• Pskov oblast
• Vologda oblast
• Map of Russia
• All cities and regions
• Blog about Russia
• News from Russia
• How to get a visa
• Flights to Russia
• Russian hotels
• Renting apartments
• Russian currency
• FIFA World Cup 2018
• Submit an article
• Flowers to Russia
• Ask our Expert

The Komi Republic, Russia

The capital city of Komi republic: Syktyvkar .

The Komi Republic - Overview

The Republic of Komi is a federal subject of Russia located in the north-east of the European part of the country, part of the North-West Federal District. Syktyvkar is the capital city of the republic.

The population of the Komi Republic is about 803,500 (2022), the area - 416,774 sq. km.

Komi republic flag

Komi republic coat of arms.

Komi republic anthem

Komi republic map, russia, komi republic latest news and posts from our blog:.

27 December, 2022 / Syktyvkar - the view from above .

17 June, 2021 / Frozen Abandoned Apartment Buildings in Vorkuta .

12 October, 2017 / Northern Urals: Manpupuner Plateau and Dyatlov Pass .

24 March, 2016 / Manpupuner rock formations - a natural wonder of Russia .

5 July, 2015 / Summer snow in Vorkuta .

More posts..

History of the Komi Republic

In the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, the Finno-Ugric tribes came to the territory of the European part of present Russia. In this land they lived about 3,000 years. During this long period of time, a lot of new ethnic groups appeared such as the Finns, Karelians, Veps, Estonians, Chud (Komi), and others.

Bjarmaland, known from the sagas and chronicles, was a historical region in the north of Eastern Europe that traded with the Vikings who discovered it at the end of the 9th century AD. But after a while the territory of Bjarmaland was greatly reduced due to the migration of the Slavs. The local population came under the influence of Russian principalities, the Novgorod Republic and Sweden.

In the 14th century, the most powerful of the Chud (Komi) tribes united and created the state of Great Perm. During its independence, Perm fought against the Volga Bulgars, the Moscow principality and the Novgorod Republic. At the end of the 15th century, after the Novgorod Republic ceased to exist, the strengthened Moscow principality destroyed the last independent state of the Komi people.

More historical facts…

The region became an important source of furs, one of the most valuable natural resources of the time. Due to the harsh climate and lack of year-round roads, this territory remained sparsely populated for a long time. In the middle of the 18th century, oil production started near the Ukhta River.

The revolutionary events of 1917 contributed to the development of national social movements. August 22, 1921, the Komi Autonomous Region was formed. Active development of Komi and population growth began in the 1930s-1950s in connection with the development of the Gulag (Soviet forced labour camp system).

In the early 1930s, large coal reserves were found in the region. Coal production began during the Second World War to compensate for the loss of coal mining in the Donbas occupied by the Germans. The railroad “Ukhta-Pechora-Inta-Vorkuta” was built by prisoners for transportation of coal, oil and timber. At the end of the 1950s, the Gulag was abolished but a number of camps for prisoners continued to exist in the region.

On January 12, 1993, Komi SSR became the Republic of Komi. On February 17, 1994, the Constitution of the Komi Republic was adopted. On June 6, 1994, the republic received its coat of arms, flag and hymn. The collapse of the USSR led to a crisis in the local industry. A lot of mines were closed resulting in a large outflow of population from the republic. In 1990-2007, the Republic of Komi lost about 22% of its population.

Beautiful nature of the Komi Republic

The Komi Republic landscape

Author: Nikolay Alexandrov

The Komi Republic scenery

Komi - the land of swamps and forests

Author: Starokozhko Denis

The Komi Republic - Features

The climate is temperate continental. Winters are long and cold, summers are short. The average temperature in January: -20 degrees Celsius (in the northern part) and -17 degrees Celsius (in the southern part), in July: +11 degrees C (in the northern part) and +15 … + 17 degrees C (in the southern part).

The Komi Republic is rich in mineral resources: coal (Pechora coal basin), oil and natural gas (Timan-Pechora oil and gas province), bauxite, gold, diamonds, titanium, sulfur. Forests cover about 65% of the territory.

The republic’s economy is based on the extraction and processing of minerals - oil, natural gas, coal, bauxite, gemstones, etc., wood processing and paper-making enterprises. The Komi Republic is one of the leading timber regions of Russia. Reindeer husbandry is an important traditional sector. In 2010, there were 82 thousand deer in the republic.

The national composition according to the 2010 Census: Russians (65.1%), Komi (23.7%), Ukrainians (4.2%), Tatars (1.3%), Belarussians (1%), Germans (0.6%).

Attractions of the Komi Republic

Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and National Park “Yugyd Va” united under the title “Virgin forests of Komi” are included in the list of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.

There are dozens of natural attractions in the Komi Republic. The most interesting ones are:

• “The ruins of an ancient town” on Torre-Porre-Iz Plateau;
• “Karst ravine of Iordanskiy” on the right bank of the Malaya Pechora River, 16 km up from where Bolshoi Shezhim flows into it;
• “Verkhniye Vorota” on the Bolshaya Synya River (55 km up the railway bridge);
• “Koltso” on the Sharyu River (30 km from Usinsk);
• Caves: “Kaninskaya” - 47 km up the mouth of the Unya River, on the right bank of the Pechora, “Unyinskaya” - 110 km from the Unya mouth, “Ledyanaya”, “Tufovaya” and “Medvezhya peschera” in “Karst ravine of Iordanskiy”, where one of the most northern sites of Paleolithic man was found. It is also the largest in northern Europe location of Pleistocene fauna - the bones of mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, cave bears.

The candidates for the title Seven Wonders of Russia from the Republic of Komi:

• Bogatyr-Shelye rock - a geological monument located on the Bolshaya Synya River;
• The Schugor River: “Verkhniye Vorota” (73 km from the mouth), “Sredniye Vorota” (9 km lower of “Verkhniye Vorota”), “Nizhniye Vorota” (the most picturesque place located 22 km from the mouth, on the right bank) and the waterfalls “Veldor-Kyrta-El”;
• Lyokiz rocks - a geological monument located on the right bank of the Ilych River in Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve;
• Weathering Pillars on Manpupuner Plateau - a geological monument located between the rivers Ichotlyaga and Pechora, one of the winners of the contest “Seven Wonders of Russia”;
• The town of Inta. Kozhimsky and Syvyusky geological monuments, “Stone baba”, the rocks “Rif”, “Monakh”, “Kayuk-Nyrd”, “Nortnicha-el”;
• Yb - an ancient settlement located 50 km south of Syktyvkar, on the bank of the Sysola River. Due to hot and dry summers and low water level in the Sysola, a lot of remnants of pre-historical animals (ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs) were found there.

Komi republic of Russia photos

Pictures of the komi republic.

Nature of the Komi Republic

Author: E.Groshevik

Forest lake in the Komi Republic

Author: Parkhomenko Konstantin

Snowy winter in the Komi Republic

Author: Ivan Pozdeev

Churches in the Komi Republic

Former church used as a boiler house in the Komi Republic

Author: Kiyanovsky Dmitry

Wooden church in the Komi Republic

Author: S. Shumilov

Abandoned wooden church in the Komi Republic

Author: Alexander Zlobin

The questions of our visitors

• Currently 2.85/5

Rating: 2.9 /5 (237 votes cast)

• Places - European, Western and Northern Russia

KOMI REPUBLIC

Komi Republic the largest state-like entity in European Russia. Situated to the west of the Ural mountains, in the north-east of the East European Plain, it covers 415,900 square kilometers (160,600 square miles), is home to about 900,000 people and has a population density of only 2.2 people per square kilometer. About 77 percent of the population live in urban areas. Syktyvkar is the capital and largest city, with about 234,000 people. Website: Tourism Office of the Komi Republic: tur.rkomi.ru

Komi Republic stretches 695 kilometers (432 miles) east to west; and 785 kilometers (488 miles) north to south. Forests cover over 70 percent of the territory and swamps cover approximately 15 percent. It borders Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the northwest and north; Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug to the northeast and east; Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug to the east; Arkhangelsk to the west; and Sverdlovsk, Perm Krai and Kirov to the south. The Highest point is 1,894-meter-high:Mount Narodnaya. The largest swamp in Europe, covering 1789.75 square kilometers, is in northern Komi Republic..Overall bogs occupy 7.7 percent of the territory of the Komi. A total of 112 swamps are under protection, and 16 of them have scientific value.

The republic's natural resources include coal, oil, natural gas, gold, diamonds, and timber. Native reindeer are in abundance and have been intentionally bred for human usage by the indigenous population. Komi people make up 23 percent of the population, compared 65 percent by Russians. There are also Ukrainians (4.2 percent), Tatars (1.5 percent), Belorussians (1.5 percent) and Nenet.

Komi is a welcoming region combining diverse natural beauty with a multinational mosaic of cultural traditions. Deep in virgin forest, you can visit nature reserves included in the UNESCO list of Natural Heritage sites. Lovers of the extreme can visit Vorkuta in the Arctic Circle, while in the village of Ust-Tsilma you can see the settlement of old believers. There are also numerous rivers and lakes, and a swamp so massive it is described as an “Ocean”.

Getting There: Syktyvkar has an international airport, from which flights are made not only to other regional centers, but to other countries as well. The flight from Moscow to Syktyvkar takes about 2 hours, and costs from RUB 4,000 for a one way ticket. There is a direct train from Moscow to Syktyvkar, but it does not run every day. It takes 24 hours. Tickets start at RUB 2,400. There are several ways to get to Syktyvkar from Moscow. The fastest is through Kirov. On the map, it looks a little bit out of the way, but the quality of roads is better than the other route. The drive takes about 16 hours.

The Komi people are a Finno-Ugric group, traditionally have herded reindeer, hunted, and fished. Closely related to the Udmurts who live in the Volga region, they originated from a region north of Iran and speak a Finno-Ugric language related to Finnish. When Russians took over their homeland in the 14th century many converted to Orthodox Christianity. Saint Stephen of Perm iss credited with launching the conversion process and providing a written language for the Komi language. Today, most Komi are Orthodox Christians.

About 350,000 Komi live in northern Russia, with many of them in the Komi republic, The Komi include three ethnic subgroups: the Permyaks, who inhabit the Permyak Autonomous Region south of the republic; the Yazua, who live in both the Republic of Komi and the Permyak region; and the Zyryan, who account for the majority of the republic's Komi population.

The Komi have largely been assimilated. Their towns looks like Russian towns and in many cases are dominated by Russians. In the old days the Komi hunted and fished and were involved in forestry. Now they have normal jobs. In Russia they are known as skilled folk artist and carvers. They have also produced a number of poets and writers that are well-known in Russia.

See Separate Article PEOPLE IN NORTHWEST RUSSIA factsanddetails.com

Komi Virgin Forest: UNESCO World Heritage Site

Komi Virgin Forest was selected a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1995.According to UNESCO: “The Virgin Komi Forests cover 3.28 million hectares of tundra and mountain tundra in the Urals, as well as one of the most extensive areas of virgin boreal forest remaining in Europe. This vast area of conifers, aspens, birches, peat bogs, rivers and natural lakes has been monitored and studied for over 50 years. It provides valuable evidence of the natural processes affecting biodiversity in the taiga. [Source: UNESCO]

An expanded version of the forest was nominated to be a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2014. According to a report submitted to UNESCO: The territory is characterized by a high conservation of unique natural complexes, ecosystems, plant and animal communities developing evolutionarily without a considerable human input....From aesthetic point of view the territory of the property combines the main aesthetic factors. It comprises the most picturesque and the highest groups of the Ural mountains, distinguished in the north by typical alpine relief and sharp peaks, picturesque rocky areas of mountain risers. The property is specificated by glacial and karst relief: numerous mountain lakes, glaciers, snowfields and waterfalls, as well as weathering forms - rock pillars and grottos. The main peculiarity of landscapes is undisturbed virgin forests of the property. [Source: Permanent Delegation of the Russian Federation to UNESCO]

Outstanding biodiversity of the property is defined by the single, undisturbed by wood cutting and unfragmented area of boreal taiga, which communities have been developing evolutionarily. The forest area of such a size fulfils a wide range of ecosystem functions: conservation of biological and landscape diversity, climate control, hydrological and soil-forming functions. A decisive influence on diversity of natural zones, appearance of plants is exercised by meridian mountain chains of the Ural ridge, altitudinal zonality, against this background invasion of Siberian and European floras contribute to biodiversity of the property. Rock outcrops along the river banks and mountain tundra are the habitats of endemic, relict, rare and endangered plants and animals. Virgin forests are comfortable habitats for big predators and hoofed mammals and able to become a model for studies and modelling (restoration) of primary ecosystems of boreal forests.

In the nominated territory there are three large geomorphological areas according to specific features of relief and geological structure: Pechora Depression, Piedmont hilly (rugged hills) area, Mountainous area. Meridian mountain chains of the Ural have the major impact on the outlook of the park. Major landscape zones of the Park, i.e. plain, foothill (rugged hills) and mountain, differentiating by geomorphologic structure, climate conditions and, as the outcome, soil and vegetation. In the mountain landscape of the reserve there can be segregated three tiers of the plants: mountain forests, subalpine and mountain tundra.

The territory of the Park is characterized by well-developed hydrographical network that is explained by strong segregation of the relief and significant moisturizing of the western slope of the Ural. The rivers of the park, flowing down from the western slope of the Ural Mountains, perform an important function - deliver “fresh” water to the Pechora, one of the biggest rivers in Europe, flowing into the Barents sea.

The major rivers of the National Park are right influxes of the Pechora, the Podcherem and the Schugor (the Northern Ural), the left influxs of the Usa flowing into the Pechora, the Bolshaya Synya (the Big Synya), Kosyu and Kozhim, the right in-stream of the Kosyu (Sub-Polar Ural). The major rivers of the Reserve are Pechora and Ilych, each of them goes along the boundaries of reserve around 200 kilometers. Pechora is the biggest and the best river in the European North, it starts in the territory of reserve with two streams, coming together in the boundaries of mountain tundra belt between the peaks of Engile-Chahl and Pecherya-Talyah-Chaly at the altitude of 896.8 meters above the seal level. Its total length is 1809 kilometers, water catchment area is 322,000 square kilometers.

Komi Virgin Forest Climate

According to a report submitted to UNESCO: The climate of the Sub-Polar Ural and the Northern Ural is severe and extremely continental. It is formed under the impact of the western drifting of the air masses and frequent intrusions of the cold arctic air from the north along the mountain ranges. As a result of such circulation there can be noticed intensive cyclone activities and deformation of the air flows by the mountains, that causes extremely unstable and excessively humid weather.

The Sub-Polar Ural and the Northern Ural get the most snow and rain water of any part of the Urals. The upper areas of the western slopes in particularly receive large amounts of rain and snow: 1500 millimeters or more annually. The Northern Ural get about 1000 millimeters annually. The plain and the piedmont area get only 500 - 800 millimeters. The most precipitation occurs in the warm period from April to October. About to 40 percent of the precipitation is in the form of the snow.

Because of long territory of the park in the latitude direction and variety of the relief forms, the temperature mode in its different parts shows significant differences. In the Sub-Polar Ural the average monthly temperature of the coldest month (January) in the south equals -18°C, in the north -21°C. Winter temperature minimum is -55°C. Winter lasts from October to mid-April, in the higher mountains longer. For the winter period are typical strong winds, their speed achieves sometimes 40 - 50 m/sec. Snow thawing starts in March and it is accompanied with rapid fluctuations of daily temperatures: at night air cools down to -30°C, in the day-time warms-up to 10°C. In sunny days there are abnormal temperatures mentioned, it is when in the higher mountain areas air temperature is lower than in the plateau and in the plain land.

Average monthly temperature of the warmest month (July) in the Sub-Polar Ural is -10°C, in its piedmont areas 12°C. In general summer is characterized by cool instable weather and frequent returns of colds and night frosts, deceasing of the atmospheric processes. The duration of autumn is 50 - 60 days, in the northern part and in the higher mountains it starts significantly earlier than in the plain land.

The Reserve is located in the area where arctic and moderate climatic zones meet. The climate is characterized as continental & oceanic with the difficult process of annual climatic phenomena. Average monthly positive temperatures of the air are noticed within the period of 6 months, but average duration of the frost-free period is 80-83 days. In certain years when there were late spring and early autumn frosts mentioned, the frost-free period is reduced to 50 days. The vegetation period when the average daily temperature exceeds +10°,is 80-85 days in the plain land and 47-80 days in the piedmont area and in the mountains. Average annual temperature of the air in the area of the Yaksha is 0.7°C, in the north of the mountain area is around -4°. Average temperature for many years of the coldest month, January is -17,8°; of the warmest month, July -16.3°. Absolute minimum is -55,5°C, absolute maximum +35,7°C°.

General annual rainfall is the following: in the plain land area 500-800 millimeters (coverage annual amount is 635.5 mm), in the mountain area it is up to 1000 mm. major part of the rainfall happens in the warm period of the year (April - October). Almost 40 percent of the annual rainfall amount in the form of snow falls down. Average duration when the snow cover lays on in the plain land is 200 days, in the mountains it is up to 220 days. Average date of the forming of the stable snow cover in the Yaksha area is October 21st, thawing is May 7th. In the mountains snow falls down at the end of September, thaws quite unevenly, staying sometimes until July. Maximum average decade height of the snow in the pine forests is around 90cm, in the dark softwood taiga it is 90 - 120 centimeters. In the mountains depending on the conditions of relief and exposure of the slope this number varies between 20 and 200 centimeters and more. Minimum height of the snow cover is typical for mountain tundra, where snow is normally blown by the wind.

Komi Virgin Forest Vegetation

According to a report submitted to UNESCO: Flora of the National Park includes more than 600 species of the vascular plants, tens of species of mosses and lichens. Some of them have the status of "red hook" ones. These are yellow lady's slipper and blotched slipper, Woodsia alpina, common peon, Snowdon rose etc.

The main role in the picturesque landscapes is played by wood species: Siberian spruce, silver-fir, Siberian pine (cedar), larch, white birch, European white birch, mountain birch and more seldom pine and aspen. In the southern part of the park quite often the one can meet growth of tree-like willows. In the swampy and river-side areas impassable "jungles" are formed by bush willows, and also by dwarf birch and hush alder. At the forest borders and towpaths in the lower parts of the slopes there are many bushes: Spiraea media, prairie weed, hedge rose, Pallas honeyberry. The specific feature of the plant cover of the park is diversity of the shrubs. Normal in the over soil cover of forest and mountain tundra communities are lingonberry, swamp blueberry, blueberry, and crowberry. In the stony exposed surface of the forest belt and higher grow dryad, Alpine bearberry, Harrimanella, Diapensia, fruticulous willow.

The specific feature of the park's flora is numerous amounts of ferns and heather. Here gramineous, composite flowers, rose family, buttercup family, buttercup, figwort family belong to ten most multiple families. Of the biggest interest are endemic species of the plants. The other endemic species were formed as a result of hybrids forming of the relative species and isolated geographic plants. To the endemics in the national park are listed Taliev's thyme, mountain anemone, Ural aypsophila, Northern flax etc, all in all more than 10 species.

The territory of the Park is represented by virgin forests with rare and endemic species of shrubs and herbs: shrubby cinquefoil, rodiola guadrefida, mountain anemone, etc. Such plant species as arctic paintbrush, yellow lady's slipper, Snowdon rose are included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation. The majority of cenopopulations of rare plants is in a stable state. Specific feature of the plant cover of the Reserve are ruling of the dark softwood forests with wood stand of Siberian species: spruce, fir, cedar. In the lower tiers of the forest undergrown forests and in the above-soil cover there are both European and Siberian species. Specific features of the plant cover is also stipulated by the availability of big Ural mountain system with clearly visible altitude belts.

The lay-out of the geobotanical splitting into districts incorporates the areas: 1) The area of pine forests and sphagnum swamps of the Pechora low land (complete territory of the Yaksha district): 2) The area of dark soft wood forests of the steeply sloping piedmont sub-area of swampy dark softwood forests and sphagnum swamps of Verhneilych low land (the territory of the Ural area until western slopes of the main mountain range of the Northern Ural, excluding transition stripe); 3) The area of mountain dark softwood forests, subalpine crooked forests and meadows, mountain tundra and bare-boulders of the Northern Ural (western sloped, mountain chains, valleys and separate peaks of the Uran range of mountains).Nowadays the Reserve counts 113 plant species from the Red Data Book of the Komi Republic.

Komi Virgin Forest Wildlife

According to a report submitted to UNESCO:The fauna of vertebrates of the National Park includes representatives of fish (21 species), amphibia (3 species), reptilian (1 specie), birds (around 200 species) and mammals (42 species). Many of them are the most precious properties of the world fauna. Into the Red Data Book of Russia are entered bullhead, red-breasted goose, fish-hawk, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle, gerfalcon, peregrin (duck hawk), black stork, common crane etc.

Specific feature of the fauna of the region is big share of the Siberian species, many of them have here the western boundary of the aerial. Species diversity of the animal world of the reserve territory and conservation territory in relation to the different endemic taxa is studied unevenly. Sufficient complete inventory fauna reports are available only for water and ground vertebral.

The territory of the National Park is unique from the point of view of theriology, where European and Siberian faunas come together. The territory of the Park is inhabited by 42 species of the mammals. Out of 52 species of the mammals registered in the territory of the Reserve the biggest one is the order of predators, 17 species (33 percent), related to the 4 families. Then are the rodents, 16 species, 6 families; insect-eating mammals - 8 species, 2 families; hoofed mammals, 4 species, 2 families; cheiropterous (Chiroptera) animals, 5 species, 1 family; double-toothed rodents - 2 species and 2 families.

Birds: In the fauna of the Yugyd va National Park are known around 200 species of birds. Out of them, despite of severe ecological surrounding, nest about 150. Some representative of feathered, in majority water fowl and sandpiper, inhabit the area of tundra, can be met also within the boundaries of the park only during autumn and spring migration.

Bird fauna of the Yugyd va National Park presents the composite mix of Siberian taiga species. European and Arctic and Alpine species migrating from the plain tundra and also birds, widely spread in the European part of Russia.

Avifauna of the conservation area includes 252 species of birds of 18 orders, 50 families which makes 96 percent of the total number of species recorded within the entire Komi Republic. The species include 170 breeding species (67 percent), 30 seasonal transient birds (12 percent), 52 vagrant species (21 percent). The widest range of species have the Passeriformes (107 species), Charadriiformes (40), Anseriformes (30) and Falconiformes (20): the rest classes are presented by 1 to 8 species.

Avifauna is compositionally heterogenic, Siberian bird species prevail (heather cock, hazelhen, Blyth's cuckoo, three-toed woodpecker etc), typically European species are almost twice less in number (chaffinch, warbler, swift, corncrake etc), some species are of arctic ptarmigan, common dotterel, Eurasian golden plover etc) and Chinese (greenish warbler, red-backed shrike, oriental tree pipit) oriuin.

Most of breeding birds (77 percent) are migrating. The highest diversity of species, summer bird numbers and biomass are peculiar to forest hank line habitats, subalpine belt and some pattern bogs. Common and the most numerous species of forest communities are: chaffinch, finch, tree-pipit, thrushes – snowbird, red-winged thrush and song thrush, chiff-chaffs - willow-warbler and arctic warbler, European redstart, buntings - rustic-bunting and little bunting, common and Blyth's cuckoos. The dominating species of wetland birds are: fiddler, grey gull, greenshank, snipe, whimbrel, mew gull, common teal, bullhead, and goosander. The typical representative of mountain tundra is meadow pipit, and this is the unique place for common dotterel, Eurasian golden plover and ptarmigan nesting.

The following breeding birds are included in the lists of Red Data Book of the Russian Federation: erne, osprey and golden eagle; transient birds: peregrine and brant goose. Erne, double snipe and corncrake are on the international list of globally rare species. 29 bird species of the reserve are listed among rare and requiring protection on the territory of Komi Republic. 26 species of birds nesting in the conservation are on the list of Red Data Book of Komi Republic: Category I (endangered) - honey buzzard, quail. Category II (shortening the numerosity) - osprey, erne, golden eagle, eagle owl. Category III (species with small numerosity and restricted distribution) - hooping swan, black kite, kestrel, corncrake, spotted crake, double snipe, hawk-owl, Siberian grey owl, short-eared owl, boreal owl, wryneck. Category IV (with undefined status) — common pochard, jack snipe, pintail snipe, dove, pygmy owl. Category V (recovering species) - merlin, common woodcock, curlew, whimbrel.

Northern Railway

Northern Railway (Severnaya Railway) is a railway network that embraces about 6,000 kilometers or track. It covers parts of central Russia and extends far to the north, with lines that running through Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Arkhangelsk, Vladimir, Kirov and Tver region as well the Republic of Komi and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. Half of the system operates in Arctic conditions.

The Northern Railway links Moscow with Arkhangelsk, stopping in Yaroslavl and Vologado before heading into the great northern forests.. Its oldest part — The Yaroslavl Railway, owned by Savva Mamontov — was one of the first railways in Russia. It opened in 1872, liking Alexandrov, Yaroslavl and Vologda line was opened in 1872. In 1894, the construction of the railway connecting Vologda with Arkhangelsk started. The decision was taken to construct the line along the shortest route, which at the time ran through a sparsely populated area, and not along one of the existing trading routes.

Many parts of the Northern Railway were built through harsh conditions — in marshes and swamps and over icy rivers — in a relatively short time. One the primary purposes of the North Railway was to connects the industrial areas of central Russia with suppliers of raw materials in the mining regions in the far northern territories.During the war, the railway North made a significant contribution to the victory over Nazi Germany, ensuring the delivery of ammunition, military equipment and food to the front in the front-line area, as well as the evacuation of wounded soldiers, civilians.

The Northern Railway runs through the territories with a unique history and nature, many of which are under the protection of UNESCO, such as Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and National Park "Yugyd Va" in Komi. In northeastern Russia the railway connects large and small towns, monasteries and churches, beautiful wooded and lowland landscapes alomg with the historic towns of Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Rostov, Kostroma and Ivanovo — the Golden Ring of Russia — and passes through taiga, tundra and the Polar Urals — with their pristine rivers, virgin beauty and vast spaces — and helps to develop and exploit the resource-rich regions in Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Syktyvkar is the capital and largest city of Komi Republic, with about 234,000 people. The city was founded in 1780 on the site at the confluence of Sysola in Vychegda. People lived near modern Syktyvkar from ancient times: in the 3rd-2nd millennium B.C. There were settlements in the area between the modern village of Ozel and the settlement of Sedkyrkeshch.

The history of Syktyvkar began in the 16th century, when resident population appeared here. The first mention of Syktyvkar is contained in the cadastres of 1586: “The churchyard at the estuary of the Sysol River. There was a wooden church here, next to it — three courtyards of clergymen, and in six peasant households. For more on its history see Yb below.

Of the city's attractions, it is worth mentioning first of all the St. Stephen's cathedral, the fire-tower, the museum of Olympic champion R. P.Smetanina, as well as the national gallery and the national museum of the Komi Republic.

Accommodation: Syktyvkar is a three star hotel. It is located in the business center of the city, within walking distance of the city’s main attractions. A room goes for RUB 3,600 a night. Finnougoria is located in the Finno-Ugric ethnopark. Built from environmentally friendly materials. Prices for a room start at RUB 1,800 per night. The rooms are not equipped with the best heaters.

Ust-Vym (60 kilometers north of Syktyvkar) is sort of a peripheral member of the Golden Ring north of Moscow that includes Vladimir and Suzdal. Ust-Vy, has a unique complex of monuments of history and architecture that sort of dates back to around the same time as the more famous Golden Ring towns. The village is located on the right bank of the Vym river and contains some churches that date back to the 18th century.

Yb (35 kilometers south of Syktyvkar) is one of the oldest settlements in the Komi Republic. Yb was first mentioned in a document dated 1586, but archaeologists have found evidence of an older settlement dating to the 11th century. It is believed that the spiritual origins of the Komi people come from Syktyvdinsky district. In Komi, “Yb” means hill. The village, stretches for nearly 15 kilometers along the Sysola River, and actually consists of several small villages.

The history of Yb is inseparably linked with Stephen of Perm, a 14th-century Orthodox educator from Komi-Zyrian who became the first bishop in the region. In olden times there were fourteen Orthodox chapels and churches in the village. Currently the Church of the Ascension, built in 1825-1830, and the convent of St. Seraphim of Sarov operate. There are also five chapels remaining.Teeth and bone fossils of marine dinosaurs and reptiles have found in the Jurassic period sediments near the town.

Yb perhaps is best known for its Orthodox Christian springs. In total ten springs have been renovated and consecrated in Yb. The bathing room of St. Michael the Archangel is in Vadkeros village. Saint George spring is located in Myrgaib village. St. Theodosius of Chernigov spring (said to cures eye diseases) is located in Kuliga village. The spring of Saint Nicholas the Miracle Worker of Myra is in Bereznik village. The spring of the Protecting Veil of the Mother of God is in Kargort village. The spring of the Twelve Apostles by Kungur-shor creek and the spring of the Mother of God in honor of the “Joy of All Who Sorrow” icon are Podgorye village. According to legend, the waters in the spring of the Transfiguration in Volokul village cure skin diseases and the spring of the Holy Great Martyr Paraskeva Pyatnitsa in Chulib cures childhood diseases, eye diseases, and diseases of the genitals.

Teeth and bone fossils of marine dinosaurs and reptiles have found in the Jurassic period sediments on the high bank of Sysola river near the town. There are also traditional houses with utensils and tools; the 5th-6th century Shoynayagsky burial ground; the 14th century old town of Chudskoe; and a historical museum in a school building erected in 1892.

Finno-Ugric Ethnocultural Park

Finno-Ugric Ethnocultural Park (near Yb) popularizes the culture of Komi and introduces the life of the ancient inhabitants of these regions. A log hut has been recreated, similar to those in which Komi men used to live, along with a bathhouse and a woodcutter work shop. In the ethnopark among other things, you will learn how the ancient Finno-Ugric hunted, what food they cooked and hear the stories that were passed on from generation to generation.

The Finno-Ugric Ethnic and Cultural Park is a a multifunctional tourist complex with 24 exhibited related to the cultural heritage of the Komi, Finno-Ugric and Samoyed people. There are also more than 20 informative and entertainment, sports, educational programs.

The park is arranged like a Komi farmstead, The café serves Komi and Finno-Ugric dishes made from - mushrooms, venison, radish and salmon. At the site "Lords of Parma" you can shoot a bow and arrow,, crossbow or slingshot or throw an ax or spear at a target. Instructors explain how to handle weapons. Classes are offered in traditional crafts and skills of Finno-Ugric and Samoyed peoples: such as singing rye shanezhki, making Veps Lykov horse dolls, to defend your house from the dark forces, and make "Zare Poo" ( "Rain Tree") a musical instrument out of a hollow hogweed tube.

In Ethnopark there ski and skate rentals, places for bicycling, a tubing track, badminton, table tennis, paint ball and laser tag. There are organized walks and excursions. You you can learn how to play Komi football and Sami "fish." Among ropes courses are 1) "Vörsa tui", forest trail. route over the earth; 2) "Oshpi tui" ( "Path of the bear"), for children from three to ten years; 3) "Ur tui" ( "The Way of proteins") roue, for adult beginners; and 4) the extreme trail "Vörkan tui" ( "The Way of the lynx" ), seven meters above the ground with steep walls and hunting nets.

Pechora (500 kilometers northeast of Syktyvkar) is a town in the Komi Republic, Russia, located on the Pechora River, west of and near the northern Ural Mountains. It is home to 43,105 (2010 Census), down from 64,746 (1989 Census). Until the middle of the 18th century in the range of modern Pechora region did not exist a permanent settlement. The region was inhabited by nomadic Ugric and Samoyed reindeer peoples. The first villages, Danilovka and Ust-Kozhva, were established in the late 18th century.

The formation of large settlements began in the early 1930s in the so-called "special settlements", where resettled farmers expelled from the southern regions of the country were placed after they were kicked of their land. Gulag prisoners appeared in the region in connection with the construction of the North Pechora Railway.

Pechora is a typical northern industrial city with Stalin- and Khrushchev- architecture. The main industries are energy transmission and oil and gas industry. The name "Pechora" probably descended from the Samoyed word for "forest dweller".

Timan-Pechora is an enegry-producing area. Liquids fields in these areas are relatively small, however there is well-developed oil infrastructure in these areas. Two liquefied natural gas (LNG) projects have been proposed for the area, Gazprom's Shtokman LNG and Rosneft's Pechora LNG, both of which have the potential to yield significant quantities of hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGL). However, both projects have been delayed indefinitely. ~

Ural Mountains

Ural Mountains are the traditional dividing line between Europe and Asia and have been a crossroads of Russian history. Stretching from Kazakhstan to the fringes of the Arctic Kara Sea, the Urals lie almost exactly along the 60 degree meridian of longitude and extend for about 2,000 kilometers (1,300 miles) from north to south and varies in width from about 50 kilometers (30 miles) in the north and 160 kilometers (100 miles) the south. At kilometers 1777 on the Trans-Siberian Railway there is white obelisk with "Europe" carved in Russian on one side and "Asia" carved on the other.

The eastern side of the Urals contains a lot of granite and igneous rock. The western side is primarily sandstone and limestones. A number of precious stones can be found in the southern part of the Urals, including emeralds. malachite, tourmaline, jasper and aquamarines. The highest peaks are in the north. Mount Narodnaya is the highest of all but is only 1884 meters (6,184 feet) high. The northern Urals are covered in thick forests and home to relatively few people.

Like the Appalachian Mountains in the eastern United States, the Urals are very old mountains — with rocks and sediments that are hundreds of millions years old — that were one much taller than they are now and have been steadily eroded down over millions of years by weather and other natural processes to their current size. According to Encyclopedia Britannica: “The rock composition helps shape the topography: the high ranges and low, broad-topped ridges consist of quartzites, schists, and gabbro, all weather-resistant. Buttes are frequent, and there are north–south troughs of limestone, nearly all containing river valleys. Karst topography is highly developed on the western slopes of the Urals, with many caves, basins, and underground streams. The eastern slopes, on the other hand, have fewer karst formations; instead, rocky outliers rise above the flattened surfaces. Broad foothills, reduced to peneplain, adjoin the Central and Southern Urals on the east.

“The Urals date from the structural upheavals of the Hercynian orogeny (about 250 million years ago). About 280 million years ago there arose a high mountainous region, which was eroded to a peneplain. Alpine folding resulted in new mountains, the most marked upheaval being that of the Nether-Polar Urals...The western slope of the Urals is composed of middle Paleozoic sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. In many places it descends in terraces to the Cis-Ural depression (west of the Urals), to which much of the eroded matter was carried during the late Paleozoic (about 300 million years ago). Found there are widespread karst (a starkly eroded limestone region) and gypsum, with large caverns and subterranean streams. On the eastern slope, volcanic layers alternate with sedimentary strata, all dating from middle Paleozoic times.”

The fauna of the vertebrate animals in the Reserve includes 19 fish, 5 amphibian and 5 reptile. Among the 48 mammal species are elks, roe deer, boars, foxes, wolves, lynxes, badgers, common weasels, least weasels, forest ferrets, Siberian striped weasel, common marten, American mink. Squirrels, beavers, muskrats, hares, dibblers, moles, hedgehogs, voles are quite common, as well as chiropterans: pond bat, water bat, Brandt's bat, whiskered bat, northern bat, long-eared bat, parti-coloured bat, Nathusius' pipistrelle. The 174 bird bird species include white-tailed eagles, honey hawks, boreal owls, gnome owls, hawk owls, tawny owls, common scoters, cuckoos, wookcocks, common grouses, wood grouses, hazel grouses, common partridges, shrikes, goldenmountain thrushes, black- throated loons and others.

Yugyd Va National Park

Yugyd Va National Park (70 kilometers east of Pechora, 600 kilometers northeast of Syktyvkar) is the largest national park in Europe (ahead of Vatnajökull National Park in Iceland) and was Russia's largest national park until the creation of Beringia National Park in 2013. Established in 1994, Yugyd Va National Park was set up to protect the most extensive area of primary boreal forest in Europe and preserve the ecosystems of the taiga, tundra and forest-tundra of the Ural mountains. The park covers almost 20,000 million square kilometers of mountain, plain, and tundra landscapes, with meadows, mountains, riverside cliffs, canyons, caves, waterfalls, rock outcrops and pillars created by erosion, as well as ruins.

The Yugyd Va National Park is located on the western slopes of the Polar Ural and Northern Ural, on the border of Europe and Asia. The highest part of the Ural Mountains is situated in the park. It also includes 821 lakes and about 50 glaciers. The largest glacier is Goffman glacier on the Sablya (Sword) Mountain Ridge. The longest and widest rivers in the preserve are Kozhim, Kosyu, and Shchugor, which all flow into the Pechora River. one of the largest rivers in Europe flowing into the Barents Sea.

The natural boundary of the park in the east is the main ridge of the Ural mountains, in the north - the Kozhim River, in the west - the rivers Synja, Vangir and Kosya, in the south - the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve. In the central part of the Yugid Va National Park that the highest peaks of the Ural Mountains are: the Mount Narodnaya (1894.5 meters), as well as the Mount Karpinsky (1878 meters), Bell Tower (1724 meters), Manaraga (1662 meters), Nioroika (1645 meters).

More than half of the park is covered with the taiga boreal forest; the rest is mostly tundra, found at higher elevations. Some 180 bird species live in the park, some of them quite rare. Twenty fish species are known to inhabit the park's rivers and lakes. There are also five amphibian species and one reptile species in the park. Among the mammals common in the park are the mountain hare, flying squirrel, reindeer, ermine, otter, moose (elk), wolf, fox, wolverine, bear, pine marten, weasel and Arctic fox. The territory of the park has been occupied by humans since Paleolithic times. It has served as habitat and hunting grounds for Mansi, Vogul, Nenets, Komi-Zyrian, and Russians. Among the historical and cultural monuments in Yugyd Va are ancient encampments, cult places, and sacred places related to beliefs of the Mansi and Komi peoples, and the remains of Old Believer settlements.

Throughout the park, hiking and water trails have been laid out, as well as tourist campgrounds. Recreational uses of the park include rafting, boating, and hiking in the summer, Nordic skiing in winter. Limited hunting is allowed too, but permits have to be applied for several months in advance. Due to the remote location of the park, the amount of tourism there is still quite low. According to the park's management, it is currently visited by some 4,000 tourists every year,

Mount Manaraga

Mount Manaraga (in Yugyd-Va National Park) is a beautiful peak and differs from other mountains of the Ural range in that it is comprised of a ridge divided into seven parts. The name of the mountain in Mansi means “Bear's Paw”. At 1662 meters, Manaraga is the second highest mountains of the Urals after Narodnaya). In July and August, climbers from all over Russia come to climb this unusual-looking peak.

To some Manaraga looks like dissected comb and it rocky outcrops look like a medieval fortress. Climbers say that Manaraga is fun to climb. It is not too difficult to climb; even relative novices can climb it. But under certain conditions it can be difficult, with some experienced climbers unable to reach the summit, saying the mountain “does not permit them”. Before going to Manaraga check in with the administration of the Yugyd-Va National Park.

The indigenous peoples — Zyrians and Mansi — considered Manaraga to be a living being thing and treated it as a holy place. Only shamans and attendants had access to the mountain. In the 11th century, people staged special ritual games to find a common language with Manaraga; this is evidenced by archeological finds — sanctuaries with sacrificial stones.

Mount Narodnaya: the Highest Mountain in the Urals

Mount Narodnaya (700 kilometers northwest of Khanty-Mansiysk) is the highest mountain in the Urals. Also known as Naroda and Poenurr and "People's Mountain", it is 1,894 meters (6,214 feet) high. It lies in in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug but is only 500 meters east from the border of Komi Republic. The name is derived from the nearby Naroda River.

Mount Narodnaya is the highest point in European Russia outside the Caucasus and rises 1,772 meters (5,814 ft) above the landscape. Narodnaya is located in the Ural mountains water divide, and therefore on the border between Europe and Asia: The mountain is formed with quartzites and metamorphosed slates of the Proterozoic Eon and Cambrian Period. There are some glaciers on the mountain. Also, there are sparse forests of larch and birch in the deep valleys at the foot of the mountain. The slopes of the mountain are covered with highland tundra.

Mount Narodnaya was identified in 1927. If you ascend from the territory of Ugra, you first need to get to the village of Saranpaul (by helicopter from Berezovo, in the winter you can snowmobile), then about 180 kilometers to overcome by all-terrain transport to the camp site “Desired”, where you can climb Narodnaya and Manaragu. The cost of the tour, depending on the time of year, transport and service varies from 15,000 to 200,000 rubles, with a lot of the cost depending on whether you use a helicopter or not..

The easiest route to the summit is a technically easy hike on the moderate north-west slope. Depending on snow and ice conditions, crampons may be required. The south wall of Narodnaya is steeper and less commonly used to reach the summit. Accommodation: The cost of living at the camp site “Desired” — from 2300 rubles per day. In the forest in tent-for free.

Pechora-Ilych Biosphere Reserve

The Pechora-Ilych Biosphere Reserve (400 kilometers east of Syktyvkar, south of Yugyd-Va National Park) forms the heart of ”Virgin Forests of Komi”. UNESCO World Heritage Site. The main feature of the reserve is not only that all the forests are preserved in their original form, but also a place where European forests and ecosystems merge with Siberian steppes are dense taiga.

Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve occupies 7,213 square kilometers. It is located in the south-eastern corner of the Komi Republic (Troitsko-Pechorsky District), on the western slopes of the Ural Mountains and the adjacent foothills and lowlands. The area is drained by the upper course of the Pechora River and its tributary the Ilych, from whose names the name of the reserve is derived.

Russian geographer A.A. Korchagin divided the area of the reserve into five natural regions: 1) The Pechora lowlands: pine forests, pine forested swamps, and moss swamps. There are few spruce forests in that area. This region includes the Gusinoe Bolota (Goose Swamp), a peat bog that occupies around 3 km2, with the peat deposits some 5–6 meters deep. 2) The piedmont (foothills) region, dominated by forests of shade-loving species: Siberian spruce, Siberian pine, and Siberian fir. There are abundant forested swamps there, but hardly any moss swamps. 3) The Upper Ilych lowland: this region is surrounded by the Urals highlands and mountains and has particularly severe climate. The slow-growing forest there is classified as boreal taiga. 4) Upper Pechora River and Bear Stone Mountain; Pechora-Ilych Reserve. 5) The valleys of the Pechora, Ilych, and their tributaries.

The Ural Mountains, the area that is the least studied but has the greatest variety of landscapes. It includes the piedmont forest belt (fir and spruce), up to 300–350 meters in elevation. Above it, up to 600 m elevation, is the subalpine forest belt, where firs and spruces are gradually replaced with birch forests and subalpine meadows. The tree line is at 550–650 m elevation, although there are occasional firs at the elevations as high as 800 m or even higher. Above the tree line, alpine meadows and then tundra are found.

Keep in that because it is a biosphere reserve, Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve is for the most part off limits to everyone except scientists. Tourists are allowed in some areas. A visit to this reserve is possible only after the submission of the application in its administration. Visiting without permission is punishable by a serious fine, an even greater fine is provided for damage to the flora or fauna of the reserve.

Manpupuner Rock Formations

Manpupuner Rock Formations (in Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve, 600 kilometers east of Syktyvkar) are spectacular set of seven rock pillars that are situated in an open grassy area and look like natural Stonehenge standing stones. They were created by the weathering of soft rock of mountains that left only these hard rock pillars behind.

Manpupuner Rock Formations are located in a very remote place of the Komi Republic. There is no settlement within 100 kilometers. “Manpupuner” in the Mansi language means “mountain of stone idols”. The seven rocks are sacred to the Mansi tribe. There are many legends about the rock pillars. According to one, the seven idols were terrible giant brothers, forever stopped by the forces of good spirits in the Yalpingnyor mountains. One of the pillars is located at some distance from others. According to the legend, he was the first giant to be turned into stone. Horror-stricken, he threw his drum away and his brothers suffered the same fate later when they tried to run away. This is how the locals were saved from powerful invaders.

Each of the rocks is as high as a 10-15-story building and has unique shape. From certain angles, the pillars collectively form the shape of a giant, or a horse's head. The locals still consider the rocks sacred. In ancient times, ascending to Manpupuner was considered to be a great sin. The history of the rocks goes back 200 million years ago, when gigantic mountains towered over the landscape here. Under the influence of wind and time softer rock formations were destroyed and the harder ones remained. In geological terms the rocks are residual outcrops. This

The Manpupuner rock formations is located on a plateau that is not easy to get to. One has to endure a long, tough road trip or shell out big money for a helicopter ride. However, despite this, the number of people who want to come to Manpupuner is growing every year. For the convenience of tourists, hiking trails with clear paths and rest areas have been laid to the Manpupuner rock formations. Guest houses are also available. The Manpupuner rock formations are usually uncrowded, as they are located in the Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve, which limits the number of visitors.

World's First Moose Farm

World's First Moose Farm (in the village of Yaksha in Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve) was established 1949 in order to domesticate moose, becoming the first facility in the world to attempt to do this. The research carried out has been complex and serious. “Rapid response" moose were chosen due to their characteristics and lack of aggressiveness. By 1959 domesticated elk have been successfully used as productive and working animals. In 1960, selective breeding work began.

Over the first 40-plus years of the project, six generations of moose were raised on the farm, with some 30–35 animals at the farm in any given year. The farm's adult moose spend most of the time browsing in the forest, with pregnant moose cows always come back to the farm to give birth. Then, during the lactation period of three to five months, the moose cow would come to the farm several times a day, at the same hours, to be milked. The milk production of a moose is small compared to a dairy cow. However, the milk has a high (12–14%) fat content, and is rich in vitamins and micronutrient elements; which are said to have medicinal properties. Among the potential productive uses of the moose, the milk production was found the most promising. However, riding a moose and using it to pull a sleigh were tried at the farm as well.

The facility was never meant to make money and found itself in a difficult situation when funding dried up in early 1990s after the collapse of the Soviet Union. According to recent visitors the moose farm is still functioning but operations have been greatly curtailed; remaining buildings are in a poor conditions, and only a few animals remain. Moose domestication experiments in Russia continue under better conditions at Kostroma Moose Farm. Visitors to Yaksha can drink moose milk, participate in farm life, feed the moose and go for a walk with a moose.

Polar Urals

Polar Urals is the northern most part of the Ural Mountain range. They extend for about 385 kilometers (239 miles) from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the Khulga River in the south. They have an area of about 25,000 square kilometers (9,700 square miles) and a strongly dissected relief. The maximum height is 1,499 meters (4,918 feet) at Payer Mountain and the average height is 1,000 to 1,100 meters (3,300 to 3,600 feet).

The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges, though flattened or rounded tops are also found. The Polar Urals is divided by the valley of the Sob river into northern and southern parts. Settlements are located along the railway. The Polar Urals are in the western part of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Komi Republic is not that far to the west.

Vorkuta (northeast Komi) is the forth largest city in the Arctic and the easternmost town in Europe.. Located on the western slopes of the Polar Urals, it lies on the Vorkuta River in a permafrost zone 150 kilometers north of the Arctic circle and 140 kilometers from the Arctic Ocean,. In the Nenets language Vorkuta means "a lot of bears". About 83,830 people live in the town. Winter lasts about 8 months, and the frost-free period is only about 70 days. Even in the summer frosts are possible. Vorkuta is a coal-mong town whose population has declined by nearly 50 percent in the last 30 years. Even so it attracts tourists because it is accessible and its infrastructure is reasonably developed.

Buridan Waterfalls is one of the most impressive sights in the Polar Urals in the Komi Republic. It is part of the Kara mountain river is reached exclusively by off-road vehicles.

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: Federal Agency for Tourism of the Russian Federation (official Russia tourism website russiatourism.ru ), Russian government websites, UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Yomiuri Shimbun and various books and other publications.

Updated in September 2020

•  Facebook
•  Twitter
•  Google+
•  e-mail

 Page Top

This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been authorized by the copyright owner. Such material is made available in an effort to advance understanding of country or topic discussed in the article. This constitutes 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. If you are the copyright owner and would like this content removed from factsanddetails.com, please contact me.

• Language, Identity, and Statehood: A Brief Insight into the History of the Minoritization of the Komi People

The summer landscape of the Komi Republic reflecting the blue, green, and white of the Komi flag. Photo: Maria Fedina

Indigenous peoples have inhabited the Arctic since time immemorial, establishing rich regional cultures and governance systems long before the introduction of modern borders. The Arctic Institute’s 2022 Colonialism Series explores the colonial histories of Arctic nations and the still-evolving relationships between settler governments and Arctic Indigenous peoples in a time of renewed Arctic exploration and development.

The Arctic Institute Colonialism Series 2022

• The Arctic Institute Colonialism Series 2022: Introduction
• Neo-Colonial Security Policies in the Arctic
• Brussels Looks North: The European Union’s Latest Arctic Policy and the Potential for ‘Green’ Colonialism
• Poverty, Well-Being and Climate Change in the Arctic: a Musical Perspective
• Colonialism and Reproductive Justice in Arctic Canada: The Neglected Historical and Contemporary Analysis of Genocidal Policies on Arctic Indigeneous Reproductive Rights
• The Delicate Work still undone in the Church of Sweden’s Reconciliation Process
• Selling Stolen Land: A Reexamination of the Purchase of Alaska and its Legacy of Colonialism
• The Old Colonialisms and the New Ones: The Arctic Resource Boom as a New Wave of Settler-Colonialism
• China, Circumpolar Indigenous People and the Colonial Past of the Arctic
• Russia’s Colonial Legacy in the Sakha Heartland
• How to Develop Inclusive, Sustainable Urban Spaces in the European Arctic and Beyond – Insights from Kiruna
• The Arctic Institute Colonialism Series 2022: Conclusion

“Maria Fedina: Well, let’s say, 100 years ago we had Komi here, Russians were a minority. Why in 100 years, Komi has turned from, in fact, the language that was the main language in this territory and was the language of not only domestic communication, but also of business and everything. And nowadays, and it is highly unlikely that I will go to the bank and speak Komi there.

O.B.: I think this is just a purposeful policy of the Russian Empire. It does not matter what it was called, the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union. <…> There are absorber states. They want to own everything. <…> And this state, on the way to its domination, faces other states and peoples. For example, the Russian state faces the Komi people. And it wants to assimilate them very strongly, because then the resources of these Komi people will belong to those who lead this state. And they do it by humiliating the Komi people as much as possible. And they make sure that they [Komi people] do not feel their otherness, their authenticity. So that they become like Russians, and then they do not want to resist Russians. Why would Russians resist Russians? They will give you everything they have. Forest? Please, take it. Well, all the resources. Because they [Komi people] will not feel the difference between Komi and Russian. We are all Russians. We are all brothers. So, use us in whichever way you like. And then the state sends residents of other nationalities to the Komi region so that they speak the same language, Russian, among themselves. So that they dilute the Komi people. And they make sure that everything related to civilization is in Russian, and those who do not speak Russian, they feel disenfranchised and humiliated. That they are like animals, they have the language of animals. They cannot even express such a thing as “state” in their language. They can only imitate the cry of animals and birds, and call objects with onomatopoeic words. So, and a Komi person feels humiliated, and he strives not to be humiliated. And in order not to be humiliated, you need to know the language of the colonizers. Of those people who want to capture you. And you need to be like them, so that they do not put pressure on you.” 1) Personal conversation (2021).

Talking about Russian Empire and Soviet Union’s relations with non-Russian ethnic groups, inhabiting their territories, we might vaguely divide such groups into external, which would possess their own sovereign demarcated states in the post-Soviet era, and internal, which would stay in the margins of territorial borders of newly formed Russian Federation. Such division, as well as wording choice, is to some extent artificial but I hope it will serve the purposes of this paper. The colonial character of Russian and Soviet relations with external ethnic groups and nations, inhabiting particularly Central Asia and the Baltic shore, was largely discussed in the postcolonial and decolonial works of such authors as Madina Tlostanova and Epp Annus. 2) Tlostanova M (2020) Dekolonial’nost’ bytija, znanija i oshchushchenija [Decoloniality of being, knowledge and sensing]. Almaty: Center of Contemporary Culture Tselinny; Annus E (2018) Soviet postcolonial studies: a view from the Western borderlands . Routledge. As for the state relations with internal non-Russian groups, it is important to mention Yuri Slezkine and Nikolai Ssorin-Chaikov’s seminal works about peoples of Siberia. 3) Ssorin-Chaikov N (2003) The Social Life of the State in Subarctic Siberia . Stanford: Stanford University Press; Slezkine Y (1994) Arctic Mirrors. Russia and the small peoples of the North. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press

At the same time, particularly in the works of contemporary Russian scholars we may find purposefully neutral approach to description of the state policies towards non-Russian peoples, which is specifically visible in vocabulary used by some of the scholars, consisting of such terms as ‘assimilation’, ‘industrial development’, ‘cultural development’ and ‘state paternalism’. In this regard, we can outline that it is, to some extent, non-surprising that it is not academia, which is being vocal when it comes to portraying the relations between state and its non-Russian “nationalities” as colonial, but such rhetoric is employed more widely by ethnic and indigenous activists. At the same time, I argue that Soviet/Russian policies towards the non-Russian population should not observed with the of rather neutralistic terms but instead require to be approached more critically.

When talking about the internal ethnic groups, in this paper we primarily address those peoples who in different stages of the Russian and Soviet state and ethnic or “nationalities” policies development have been named as, for example, “inorodtsy” and “culturally backward nationalities”. While these categories do not entirely replicate each other and indeed are based on different attributes, to a greater extent they include similar ethnic groups. Although, the discussion of the genealogy of terminological choices for categorization of non-Russian ethnic groups and grounds for such categorization are out of reach of this paper, I would still like to point out that substantial majority of terms implies the narrative of the state superiority and dominance. In post-Soviet Russia such a term as “indigenous small-numbered peoples” was coined, which although essentially escaped the narrative of “otherness” and “backwardness” of non-Russian groups, but at the same time reproduced the inherently paternalistic state approach towards indigenous peoples.

The Komi people in the state national-ethnic system

The Komi people is one of the Finno-Ugric groups that primarily reside in the north-eastern part of the European part of Russia. Due to their size, the Komi people are not granted the official status of “indigenous small-numbered people of the North”. 4) Chuffart R (2019) From the United Nations to the Arctic: Celebrating Indigenous Languages. The Arctic Institute , 30 April, https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/united-nations-arctic-celebrating-indigenous-languages/ . Accessed 6 November 2022 At the same time, lack of such status for the whole group does not prevent its separate units from seeking such recognition. The most peculiar case in this instance is represented by the Izvatas (Izhma Komi), a northern Komi subgroup, whose economy used to be based on semi-nomadic reindeer herding. Throughout the 21 st century, Izvatas have been continuously claiming the official recognition as small-numbered peoples, but have not succeeded in their attempts, even though, their representative organization is currently the member of the Russian Association of Indigenous Peoples of the North.

Semi-settled character of agricultural economy of the Komi people did not make them “barbarous” and “backward” enough to be recognized as native by the Soviet state as well. At the same time, Komi were still enlisted among “culturally backward nationalities”. Despite the lack of official recognition, Komi have been vocally emphasizing their “nativity” throughout the last century. With establishment of the Komi-Zyryan Autonomous Oblast in 1921, the 1920s are considered as the golden era of Komi self-determination. 5) Popov A A, Smetanin A F, Napalkov A D & Baraksanov G G (1991) Nacional’noje stroitel’stvo v Komi ASSR (Istorija I sovremennost’) [Development of national processes in the Komi ASSR (history and the modern day]. Syktyvkar: Komi Science Center, 5

Nowadays, Komi people are the “titular” people of the Komi Republic. Such status is encapsulated in the Article 3 of the Komi Republic’s Constitution. According to the Constitution of Russia, republics are state-like entities lacking, however, the state-like sovereignty. Despite the overall hyper-centralization distinctive for contemporary Russia and simultaneously weak regional authority, state-like character of the Komi Republic is often appealed to by Komi activists, the most radical of which tend to understand such character in primary connection to the state sovereignty and national self-determination. 6) A.I. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia

It can be argued that Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia are among those non-Russian ethnic groups who have been Russified to the greater extent. While it is mostly visible in the declining number of native speakers, 7) Pusztay J (2018) The future of the Finno-Ugric languages of Russia. 162 Przegląd Rusycystyczny : 79-98 the changes are prominent in the unified and standardized worldviews as well. Drawing on the data from the fieldwork implemented both in rural and urban areas in the Komi Republic, I may speculate that although the Komi identity is indeed based on various attributes, the language is the most frequently named vital component of such identity. The language question was appealed to both during the establishment of Komi statehood in 1920s and revitalization of the ethnic-national movement in 1990s; 8) Markov V P (2011) Vozrozhdenije v epokhu peremen. Sjezdy komi naroda: dokumenty i kommentarii [Revival in the age of change. Conventions of the Komi people: documents and commentaries]. Syktyvkar, 5, 15 it is the one of those elements that have been most visibly affected by the Russified policies of the Soviet state and post-Soviet Russia. Further, I would like to provide a brief overview of such policies that led to the drastic decrease of number and shrinking of the share of Komi native speakers, and consequently the number of people who self-identify as Komi. It is important to outline that some of the general trends prevailing in the case of the Komi people may be regarded as rather similar for other Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia.

Soviet Union: Establishment of Komi statehood and repressive Russification

In 1926 207 314 people resided in the Komi ASSR, 191 245 (92.2%) of them were Komi. 9) CSB of the USSR (1928) Ethnicity and mother tongue in All-Union Census 1926. Volume 4 . http://elib.shpl.ru/ru/nodes/16537-vyp-4-narodnost-i-rodnoy-yazyk-naseleniya-sssr-1928 . Accessed on 24 March 2022 191 325 residents of the Komi ASSR stated Komi as their native language, which allows us to speculate that all Komi nationals proclaimed Komi as their mother tongue. According to All-Russian Census 2010, 202 348 people (22.4%) out of total 901 189 people residing in the Komi Republic self-identify as Komi. 127 026 (62.2%) of these Komi people stated Komi as their mother tongue, and 2 717 more non-Komi people did the same. In less than a century Komi population has increased only by 5%, while Russian population has increased 40.5 times during the same time.

One of the reasons for such a drastic increase of the Russian population is its influx to the region either as the prisoners sent to Gulag camps or as the workers sent for the industrial exploration of the North. 10) O.B. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia; Markov V P (2011) Vozrozhdenije v epokhu peremen. Sjezdy komi naroda: dokumenty i kommentarii [Revival in the age of change. Conventions of the Komi people: documents and commentaries]. Syktyvkar, 5 As majority of newcomers spoke Russian, the language soon became dominant in the region. The largest decline in the share of Komi population happened in 1940-1950s: it decreased from 72.5% to 30.1%. 11) Markov V P (2011) Vozrozhdenije v epokhu peremen. Sjezdy komi naroda: dokumenty i kommentarii [Revival in the age of change. Conventions of the Komi people: documents and commentaries]. Syktyvkar, 5 The transformation and the scale of Russification were especially dramatic in those settlements that were located near the labour camps and industrial sites.

The golden era of the Komi statehood and execution of language-national policies, commonly known as “ zyryanizacija ”, were terminated in the end of the 1920s. The Komi Autonomous Oblast was included in the Northern Krai, which was hugely condemned by local Komi intelligentsia, who were later accused of exercising “militant Komi nationalism” and “national-chauvinism”. 12) Popov A A, Smetanin A F, Napalkov A D & Baraksanov G G (1991) Nacional’noje stroitel’stvo v Komi ASSR (Istorija I sovremennost’) [Development of national processes in the Komi ASSR (history and the modern day]. Syktyvkar: Komi Science Center, 26-27 Mirroring the developments happening elsewhere in the Soviet Union, the 1930s symbolized the dramatic repression of the national Komi movement. The key political, ideological, intellectual, and cultural Komi actors were arrested and repressed. One of them, Vasilij Molodtsov, was, for example, sent to a labour camp for the creation of “nationalistic” Komi alphabet. 13) Popov A A, Smetanin A F, Napalkov A D & Baraksanov G G (1991) Nacional’noje stroitel’stvo v Komi ASSR (Istorija I sovremennost’) [Development of national processes in the Komi ASSR (history and the modern day]. Syktyvkar: Komi Science Center, 28

Alongside with the formation of the Komi statehood and development of the literary language in the 1920s, the Komi language was introduced to schools. According to Popov et al., 14) Popov A A, Smetanin A F, Napalkov A D & Baraksanov G G (1991) Nacional’noje stroitel’stvo v Komi ASSR (Istorija I sovremennost’) [Development of national processes in the Komi ASSR (history and the modern day]. Syktyvkar: Komi Science Center, 24 in 1925 there were 203 Komi, 14 Russian, and 54 Komi-Russian schools. However, the rapid shift to Russification in the 1930s and lack of consistent regional ethno-linguistic policies in the post-war period led to practical suppression of the Komi language from the school system. By 1974 there were no schools left, where teaching was organized in the Komi language. 15) Popov A A (1993) Nacional’naja shkola u finno-ugorskikh narodov jevropejskogo Severa Rossijskoj Federacii v 50-80-kh gg. (na materialakh Karel’skoj i Komi respublik) [National school of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the European North of the Russian Federation in the 1950-80s (based on the materials from the Karelian and Komi republics)] in On the history of state building, national relations and socio-economic development of the Komi Republic. 56 Proceedings of the Institute of Language, Literature and History : 72

One of the key roles in such decline was played by the introduction of the Law on schools in 1958. Article 15 of this law permitted parents to decide whether to send their children to a school with teaching in the Russian language or in the Komi. Seemingly liberating choice led to the situation when Komi children neither had teaching in the Komi language, nor had Komi as a school subject. As Popov describes it, “a situation arose when the Komi language was the only school subject that became legally waived”. 16) Popov A A (1993) Nacional’naja shkola u finno-ugorskikh narodov jevropejskogo Severa Rossijskoj Federacii v 50-80-kh gg. (na materialakh Karel’skoj i Komi respublik) [National school of the Finno-Ugric peoples of the European North of the Russian Federation in the 1950-80s (based on the materials from the Karelian and Komi republics)] in On the history of state building, national relations and socio-economic development of the Komi Republic. 56 Proceedings of the Institute of Language, Literature and History : 77

Repressions of the 1930s, widespread Russification, lack of the adequate ethno-national policies in the Komi ASSR in the 1950-70s, and destruction of the Komi national education led to the displacement of the Komi language to the periphery of public life. Continuous marginalization of the Komi people, internal shame associated with being Komi and speaking Komi additionally led to reduction of its use even at the mere household level.

Systemic changes leading to the minoritization and marginalization of the Komi population and creation of the Russian-centered system undoubtedly had their repercussions in the everyday of the Komi people. Most of the adult Komi residents still bear a memory of insults, particularly verbal, which they were experiencing because of their ethnicity:

“There were insults both in everyday and professional life. And it was very painful to hear, when, for example, they [Russian speakers] would see someone intoxicated or dishonorable, no matter who she is, they would call her “ komjachje ”, “this komjachje still wants something”. Yes, it was like that. And people were embarrassed to be Komi”. 17) A.P. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia

Post-Soviet Russia: Revival and decline

Following the political and societal developments started elsewhere in the Soviet Union and then continued in post-Soviet Russia, the 1980-1990s symbolized the revival of the national Komi movement. As Markov describes, 18) Markov V P (2011) Vozrozhdenije v epokhu peremen. Sjezdy komi naroda: dokumenty i kommentarii [Revival in the age of change. Conventions of the Komi people: documents and commentaries]. Syktyvkar, 6 “’national’ was no longer interpreted as ‘nationalistic’”. Several Komi ethnic and ecological organizations were established, the most prominent of which was Komi Voityr (in English: Komi people), intiallly called Komi Kotyr (in English: Komi family). Komi Voityr is regarded as the most influential Komi ethnic organization, since their right to legislative initiative is encapsulated in the Article 75 of the Constitution of the Komi Republic. However, due to the fact that the organization has never employed this right and in recent years has effectively become the satellite of the regional Ministry of National Policies, its real authority and influence among the Komi population is highly debated. 19) M.K. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia

And what about Russia of the 21 st century? Centralization of the state, creation of the strict hierarchical relations between the federal center and regions, and introduction of the national policies centering Russian people as “state-forming people” (Article 68 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) and Russian as a primary language are shaping the federal and regional ethno-national policies. Among recent developments that further weakened the role of regional languages were changes to the school teaching of regional languages, initiated in the result of Putin’s speech delivered in 2017, in which he proclaimed that “the Russian language cannot be replaced by anything, as it is forming the spiritual framework of a multinational country” and urged to make teaching the regional languages in Russia’s republic to be voluntary. 20) Izvestia (2017) Putin: the study of the Russian language in the republics of the Russian Federation should not be reduced. 20 July, https://iz.ru/622027/2017-07-20/putin-izuchenie-russkogo-iazyka-v-respublikakh-rf-ne-dolzhno-sokrashchatsia . Accessed 24 March 2022 The aftermath of this speech was devastating both for teaching the Komi language and training of the new Komi-language teachers. 21) O.B. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia; L.K. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia

There is a clear connection between Komi language, Komi identity and Komi statehood in the public perception. A menace to one of these elements is seen as a menace to others as well. Komi activists and intellectuals indeed fear that further decline of the number of Komi speakers will lead to the decline of those people who will self-identify as Komi. 22) M.F. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia The decline of the number and share of the Komi people may consequently lead to the questioning of necessity of Komi statehood existence. The rumors on the potential unification of the neighboring Arkhangelsk Oblast and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug, as well as public commentaries of several officials involved in this process, led residents of the Komi Republic consider that the Komi Republic might be as well included in the newly established entity. 23) M.F. (2021) Interview conducted by the author during fieldwork in Syktyvkar, Komi Republic, Russia And while the head of the Komi Republic repelled such speculations in 2020, 24) RBK (2020) Vlasti Komi vystypili protiv prisojedinenija k Arhangel’skoj oblasti [Authorities of the Komi Republic opposed joining the Arkhangelsk region]. 20 May, https://www.rbc.ru/politics/20/05/2020/5ec58c489a79475ea3b09653 . Accessed 24 March 2022 his weak governance made local residents, Komi and non-Komi, to consider him as non-legitimate leader and therefore do not trust his comments or promises.

At the same time, we may also emphasize that preservation of the Komi statehood is no longer a field restrictive to the concerns of only the Komi people. On the contrary, it unites all indifferent actors irrespective of their ethnicity and promotes the construction of the local identity of a resident of the Komi Republic. It is yet to be seen how development of this place-based identity will coexist with and affect the preservation and development of the Komi identity. This question is out of the reach of this paper; however, it may potentially be reflected in future scholarships.

References [ + ]