pandora 700 sailboatdata

Pandora 700

The pandora 700 is a 23.0ft masthead sloop designed by e. g. van de stadt and built in fiberglass by rydgeway marine ltd between 1976 and 1991..

The Pandora 700 is a light sailboat which is slightly under powered. It is stable / stiff and has a low righting capability if capsized. It is best suited as a day-boat.

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• Rydgeway Marine

Pandora 700

Pandora 700 - Rydgeway Marine / STW003328

cabin cruiser

overall length

hull length

waterline length

standard draft

minimum draft

displacement

diesel tank

mast height

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standard version

DOCUMENTS: Pandora 700

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Review of Pandora 700

Basic specs..

The hull is made of fibreglass. Generally, a hull made of fibreglass requires only a minimum of maintenance during the sailing season. And outside the sailing season, just bottom cleaning and perhaps anti-fouling painting once a year - a few hours of work, that's all.

The boat is equipped with 4 berths.

The Pandora 700 is equipped with a fin keel. The fin keel is the most common keel and provides splendid manoeuvrability. The downside is that it has less directional stability than a long keel.

The boat can enter even shallow marinas as the draft is just about 1.14 - 1.24 meter (3.74 - 4.04 ft) dependent on the load. See immersion rate below.

An outboard motor is often used on this boat. In that case Pandora 700 will typically require a power of 2 - 3 hp, alternatively 46 - 55 lbs thrust if you prefer an electrical motor. Electric outboards are becoming popular for sailboat owners who want clean instant power with less noise and no exhaust fumes.

Sailing characteristics

This section covers widely used rules of thumb to describe the sailing characteristics. Please note that even though the calculations are correct, the interpretation of the results might not be valid for extreme boats.

What is Capsize Screening Formula (CSF)?

The capsize screening value for Pandora 700 is 2.08, indicating that this boat would not be accepted to participate in ocean races.

The immersion rate is defined as the weight required to sink the boat a certain level. The immersion rate for Pandora 700 is about 98 kg/cm, alternatively 552 lbs/inch. Meaning: if you load 98 kg cargo on the boat then it will sink 1 cm. Alternatively, if you load 552 lbs cargo on the boat it will sink 1 inch.

Sailing statistics

This section is statistical comparison with similar boats of the same category. The basis of the following statistical computations is our unique database with more than 26,000 different boat types and 350,000 data points.

What is L/B (Length Beam Ratio)?

What is a Ballast Ratio?

SA/D (Sail Area Displacement ratio) Indicates how fast the boat is in light wind: - Cruising Boats have ratios 10-15 - Cruiser-Racers have ratios 16-20 - Racers have ratios above 20 - High-Performance Racers have ratios above 24 Sail-area/displacement ratio (SA/D ratio): 19.19

Maintenance

If you need to renew parts of your running rig and is not quite sure of the dimensions, you may find the estimates computed below useful.

This section is reserved boat owner's modifications, improvements, etc. Here you might find (or contribute with) inspiration for your boat.

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• Sailboat Guide

Trotter Pandora

Trotter Pandora is a 21 ′ 9 ″ / 6.7 m monohull sailboat designed by E. G. Van de Stadt and built by E. G. van de Stadt starting in 1967.

Rig and Sails

Auxilary power, accomodations, calculations.

The theoretical maximum speed that a displacement hull can move efficiently through the water is determined by it's waterline length and displacement. It may be unable to reach this speed if the boat is underpowered or heavily loaded, though it may exceed this speed given enough power. Read more.

Classic hull speed formula:

Hull Speed = 1.34 x √LWL

Max Speed/Length ratio = 8.26 ÷ Displacement/Length ratio .311 Hull Speed = Max Speed/Length ratio x √LWL

Sail Area / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the power of the sails relative to the weight of the boat. The higher the number, the higher the performance, but the harder the boat will be to handle. This ratio is a "non-dimensional" value that facilitates comparisons between boats of different types and sizes. Read more.

SA/D = SA ÷ (D ÷ 64) 2/3

• SA : Sail area in square feet, derived by adding the mainsail area to 100% of the foretriangle area (the lateral area above the deck between the mast and the forestay).
• D : Displacement in pounds.

Ballast / Displacement Ratio

A measure of the stability of a boat's hull that suggests how well a monohull will stand up to its sails. The ballast displacement ratio indicates how much of the weight of a boat is placed for maximum stability against capsizing and is an indicator of stiffness and resistance to capsize.

Ballast / Displacement * 100

Displacement / Length Ratio

A measure of the weight of the boat relative to it's length at the waterline. The higher a boat’s D/L ratio, the more easily it will carry a load and the more comfortable its motion will be. The lower a boat's ratio is, the less power it takes to drive the boat to its nominal hull speed or beyond. Read more.

D/L = (D ÷ 2240) ÷ (0.01 x LWL)³

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds.
• LWL: Waterline length in feet

Comfort Ratio

This ratio assess how quickly and abruptly a boat’s hull reacts to waves in a significant seaway, these being the elements of a boat’s motion most likely to cause seasickness. Read more.

Comfort ratio = D ÷ (.65 x (.7 LWL + .3 LOA) x Beam 1.33 )

• D: Displacement of the boat in pounds
• LOA: Length overall in feet
• Beam: Width of boat at the widest point in feet

Capsize Screening Formula

This formula attempts to indicate whether a given boat might be too wide and light to readily right itself after being overturned in extreme conditions. Read more.

CSV = Beam ÷ ³√(D / 64)

The earliest of many PANDORA ‘variants’ that continued to built into the 1990’s. One of the most successful small fiberglass cruisers/racers ever. (Derived from TROTTER which was, in turn, a version of the RANDMEER daysailer with a cabin.) Built at the designers yard as well as number of others around the world. In the UK it evolved as the PANDORA, PANDORA INTERNATIONAL, PANDORA 700 and a number of others that share origins with this basic design.

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 1987 Pandora 700

General Specification

Construction.

• Believed built late 1980s
• GRP construction
• Original gelcoat finish on decks, cockpit and cabin
• Paint finish on hull
• Retroussé stern
• Skeg mounted rudder
• Large self-draining cockpit
• Anchor locker

Mechanical & Electrical

• 8hp Yamaha two stroke outboard mounted in cockpit well
• Tiller steering
• 12V battery

Rigging & Sails

• Masthead Bermudan Sloop rig
• Alloy mast/spars
• Hinged mast step with A-frame for mast lowering/raising
• 2 x sheet winches
• All lines led back to cockpit
• Slab reefing mainsail
• Furling headsail
• Plastimo 608-S furling gear (2008)
• Spinnaker TBC

Accommodation

• 4 berths in 1 cabin
• V-berth (converts to double with infill) forwards with escape hatch over
• Single settee berth
• Single quarter berth
• Original gelcoat finish throughout cabin interior
• Galley with space for stove (not included in sale) and GRP moulded sink (manual hand pumped cold supply)
• Space for chemical toilet under V-berth (toilet not included in sale)
• Galley cover doubles as worktop/chart table
• Ample storage space in under berth lockers and under cockpit sole, plus under deck shelving
• Boat Safety Scheme certificate to April 2020
• Stainless steel pushpit & pulpit
• Stanchions with single guardwire
• Single bow roller
• Perspex washboards
• Cockpit cushions
• Various warps
• Various fenders

Based on the highly successful Pandora International, the Pandora 700 is a very capable little yacht – fast and sea-kindly – designed to be equally suited to both racing round the cans and family cruising. Requiring some cosmetic tidying, this example could be a rewarding project for someone who is willing to invest a little time and effort. A quick sale is desired and all offers will therefore be considered!

Topsail Marine Yacht Brokers is acting as brokers (or in the case of classified adverts, advertising medium) only and unless stated otherwise the vendor is not selling in the course of business. Whilst every care has been taken in their preparation, the correctness of particulars is not guaranteed and they are intended as a guide only. Prospective purchasers are strongly advised to check all particulars and where appropriate employ an independent qualified agent to carry out a survey and/or sea/river trial. Vessels are offered subject to prior sale, amendment or withdrawal without notice.

You are welcome to link to this page, but please do not use content in any other way without our permission.

PANDORA 700

PANDORA 700 Specifications

Hull Type: Fin with rudder on skeg Rigging Type: Masthead Sloop LOA: 23.00 ft / 7.01 m LWL: 18.75 ft / 5.72 m S.A. (reported): 173.00 ft² / 16.07 m² Beam: 6.92 ft / 2.11 m Displacement: 2,500.00 lb / 1,134 kg Ballast: 980.00 lb / 445 kg Max Draft: 3.75 ft / 1.14 m Construction: FG First Built: 1976 Last Built: 1991 Builder: Rydgeway Marine UK Designer: E. G. Van de Stadt

Hull Speed: 5.80 kn

Related posts:

• NORTH AMERICAN 23
• PANDORA INTERNATIONAL

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• Boats for sale
• Pandora 700

Pandora 700 for sale

Check out the wide selection of Pandora 700 for sale in your area available for sale in your region, explore the details provided for each boat, compare prices, and discover the most advantageous Pandora 700 deals

1978 Pandora 700 for sale

1970 Pandora 700 for sale

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Buy Pandora 700

DailyBoats.com offers a selection of Pandora 700 for sale , with prices ranging from £2,868 for basic models to £3,065 for the most expensive. These yachts come in a range of sizes, ranging from 22.93 ft to 23 ft, with the oldest one built in 1970. This page showcases Pandora boats located in Kingdom of the Netherlands and Norfolk Island. To buy Pandora 700 near you, use the search filter.

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Pandora 700 Sailing Boat 23 Foot

Pandora 700 Sailing BoatComes with 2 engines.Ropes, fenders, lights, sails etc1 x Mercury 4hp - fwd & rev. Running1 x Suzikki 3.5hp - fwd only. Not running. 2 BerthManuel lifting keelCooking galleyToiletDephfinder Nice little boat that I sailed with my wife from Christchurch to Shoreham last year. Got caught in the waves & she handled beautifully.Due to separation she's been ignored since January 2018.

The 4hp engine was recently home serviced & the boat itself could defiantly do with some TLC. She's sail able now but I'm sure a hull clean & not too much time would get her back in top condition. Please refer to this link for more technical questions. I will answer what I can but am fairly un-knowledgeable.http://sailboatdata.com/viewrecord.asp? Class_id=3520 The boat is moored in Southwick, Sussex & if you'd like to drive by & take a look message me & I'll give you the address.

May the highest bidder win!

Add new question to the seller

The Moscow Signals Declassified Microwave Mysteries: Projects PANDORA and BIZARRE

National Security Archive Posts Special Declassified Collection on Microwave Transmissions Aimed at U.S. Moscow Embassy, 1953-1979 

Was the Moscow Signal a Historical Precedent for the "Havana Syndrome"?

Project BIZARRE: Pentagon Officials Conducted Radiation Tests on Monkeys, Planned Secret Human Experimentation

Washington D.C., September 13, 2022 - On the 5 th  anniversary of the CIA’s September 13, 2017, decision to pull its agents out of Cuba, after several operatives were stricken with what has become known as the “Havana Syndrome,” the National Security Archive today posted the first of a declassified documentation series on the “Moscow Signals”—a decades-long chapter of the Cold War during which Soviet intelligence bathed the U.S. Embassy in Moscow with microwave transmissions on a daily basis, and, in the late 1950s, penetrated the U.S ambassador’s residence with ionizing radiation. The records published   by the Archive are among those being reviewed by a special, high-level panel tasked by the Biden administration to search for clues into the enduring mystery surrounding cognitive brain traumas experienced by several dozen U.S. intelligence and diplomatic personnel in Havana, and elsewhere, over the last five years.

The CIA announced in late August that it is compensating at least a dozen of its officers and operatives for syndrome-related injuries known as “Anomalous Health Incidents” (AHI).

The documents posted today record Project BIZARRE, the actual—and rather appropriate—codename for a program of radiation experiments conducted on monkeys to determine if the Moscow Signal was intended to degrade the abilities of U.S. personnel to function at the Embassy. Project BIZARRE was a highly classified component of Project PANDORA, a broader research effort undertaken by the Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) that included evaluating blood samples of U.S. personnel posted in Moscow and surveying medical records of crew members of the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga to determine if exposure to radiation-emitting technology on board produced physiological effects.

“The Soviets have reported in the open literature that humans subjected to low-level (non-thermal) modulated microwave radiation, show adverse clinical and physiological effects,” ARPA official Richard Cesaro reported in a TOP SECRET, September 1967, update on Project BIZARRE. “The ARPA BIZARRE program will establish methods which should permit us to relate the behavior of sub-human primates to man under conditions of microwave exposure. This may require direct testing with humans under controlled conditions.” 

Among the documents posted today is the original TOP SECRET “Justification Memorandum for Project Pandora,” written by Cesaro in October 1965, which stated that the White House had ordered a program of “intensive investigative research” “under the code name project ‘TUMS’’—Technical Unidentified Moscow Signal. The posting also includes a SECRET May 1965 memorandum by ARPA scientist Samuel Koslov which argued that “a program to specifically check the complex Moscow signal waveforms on higher primates should be carried out to supply some data base for possible use in a protest action” against the Kremlin. Titled “Biomedical Phenomena,” the memo was obtained by science historian Nicholas H. Steneck for his groundbreaking 1984 study, The Microwave Debate , but has never been published in full on the Internet before now.

OVERVIEW OF THE MOSCOW SIGNAL

Despite four years of efforts, the multi-million-dollar PANDORA-BIZARRE projects failed to prove the early hypothesis that the Russians deployed the microwave beams to degrade the mental and physical abilities of U.S. Embassy officers to perform their diplomatic and intelligence duties. An initial experiment of modulated microwave beams on a single monkey appeared to show an impact on its behavior. But the test was conducted using the CIA’s inaccurate readings that the power of the beams was .5 to one milliwatt—exceeding Soviet safety levels by a factor of 100. In reality, as the CIA correctly determined in 1967, the power density of the beams was "no greater than .05 mw/cm in the Moscow Signal," a level that was well below U.S. and Soviet safety levels, as ARPA official Cesaro advised in a TOP SECRET update on Project BIZARRE from September 1967. At the corrected levels, he reported, the “modulated microwave radiation did not cause the primate to degrade in conducting his work tasks.”

The findings, according to one CIA scientist working with ARPA, indicated that the beams were not dangerous to U.S. personnel at the Embassy. “I feel confident in stating,” as Joe Johnston reported in September 1967 on Project BIZARRE results, “that, at the power levels reported for TUMS, persons exposed are at no risk of injury.”

Another theory pursued by the U.S. intelligence community suggested that the signal served as a jamming device intended to disrupt U.S. espionage operations that were conducted out of a surveillance shed on the roof of the Embassy building. A third, and prevalent, theory is that Soviet intelligence agencies employed the Moscow Signal to activate, power and/or interpret eavesdropping devices in the walls of the Embassy building. “Defense feels we must bear in mind the possibility that some of the signals are [deleted] for the activation or interrogation of audio devices implanted in the Embassy,” stated a TOP SECRET/SENSITIVE White House memorandum for President Ford in February 1976, drawing on the Defense Department’s evaluation of the microwave beams. [Note: The memorandum to President Ford will be posted on September 15.] 

Numerous such bugging devices were discovered in April 1964, hidden in the walls of at least eleven Embassy offices—including the office of the U.S. Defense Attaché. The realization that Soviet intelligence had penetrated the Embassy and compromised secret U.S. communications set in motion a series of countersurveillance measures and a major focus on the mysterious energy beam directed at the building. U.S. technicians first detected the energy rays in 1953, shortly after the Embassy opened, but only began to actively monitor the radiation rays in the early 1960s. A technician from the State Department’s Bureau of Diplomatic Security, Maclyn Musser, identified them as microwave radiation and reported, in 1963, that the beam was 50 feet across. “More effort should be made to understand the purpose of the microwave signal directed at the Embassy, or failing in this, to stop it,” Jerome Wiesner, the former chairman of the White House Science Advisory Board advised in a SECRET June 1964 memo on “Bugging of U.S. Embassy, Moscow”—the first document posted today as part of the Moscow Signal collection. “It is hard to understand why we have been so unconcerned about it.”

As the declassified documents posted today record, in the mid-1960s, U.S. national security agencies initiated a series of programs, assessments and operations designed to address the microwave beams, codenamed “TUMS”—Technical Unidentified Moscow Signal. (In the mid-1970s, after a second signal was detected, the codename was upgraded to “MUTS”—Moscow Unidentified Technical Signals.) The Pentagon conducted the Project PANDORA and BIZARRE studies. Those included:

Project Big Boy : A set of medical evaluations of the personnel aboard the Navy’s aircraft carrier Saratoga . ARPA, according to one status report, would place “observers aboard the Saratoga to get base line [sic] readings on selected members of the crew.” The purpose of Project Big Boy was to evaluate physical and mental differences between distinct groups of crewmen: veteran members of the crew whose duties exposed them to microwaves generated by radar instrumentation; newer recruits with no history of previous exposure to microwaves; sailors who were detailed above deck; and others below deck. The study produced no discernible evidence of physiological and psychological differences between the test groups.

The Monkey Experiments : Between 1966 and 1969, ARPA teams conducted and contracted for a series of radiation experiments on chimps and rhesus monkeys, compiling data on behavior modification, heart rates, and tissue and blood analysis, among other physiological elements. (Initially codenamed PANDORA, after the first set of experiments, the primate tests were given their own specific codename—Project BIZARRE.) As members of the ARPA team disagreed on whether the tests had produced any conclusive evidence of radiation exposure on health and behavior, the experiments were sent for outside peer review. One review from the RAND Corporation concluded that “the data do not present any evidence of a behavioral change due to the presence of the special signal within the limits of any reasonable scientific criteria.” Another RAND Corp evaluation of a specific set of experiments noted that it had produced “no material…which is scientifically credible” of any impact. In addition, “animal care was not in accordance with good laboratory practice,” the RAND panel reported. “Examination of the data log indicated that of five monkeys’ deaths, three were certainly due to strangulation resulting from poor experimental design of the restraint system.”

Planning for Human Experimentation : Declassified summaries of the meetings of the PANDORA program’s Science Advisory Committee record preparations to go beyond primate experimentation and use unwitting human subjects who would not be aware of the nature of the radiation tests. Subjects for human testing of radiation impact would be secured from Fort Detrick and subjected to radiation exposure over a period of six months, according to the discussion at an April 1969 meeting. “Study should be double-blind with protection of eyes and gonads,” Committee members suggested. “Shielding of testicles is recommended.” Before any such experiments could be performed, however, the PANDORA/BIZARRE program was shut down in 1970.

The State Department also played a role in the TUMS inquiry, commissioning George Washington University’s Human Cytogenetics Research Laboratory to conduct a SECRET study, “Cytogenetic Evaluation of Mutagen Exposure.” The study gathered, coded and analyzed blood samples taken under false pretenses from U.S. personnel posted in Moscow. They were told that the State Department Medical Office was monitoring the spread of Russian viruses. Publicly, the research was given the innocuous title: “The Moscow Viral Study.”

Among other countersurveillance measures that remain highly classified, the CIA monitored the signal and, in 1965, sent a special technician to evaluate security at the Embassy. He recommended installing thin shields on the Embassy windows to block the radiation beams from entering the building—a recommendation that went unimplemented for more than a decade, according to documents obtained by the Associated Press .

U.S. officials also undertook efforts to convince the Soviet leadership to shut off the signal. The first high-level effort took place at a June 1967 superpower summit held in Glassboro, N.J., between U.S. President Lyndon Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin. At a side meeting, Secretary of State Dean Rusk told Soviet foreign minister Andrei Gromyko that “we were very much concerned at an electro-magnetic signal directed at our Chancery building in Moscow.” “We did not know the purpose of this activity,” Rusk said, according to a declassified memorandum of conversation, but the U.S. wanted “the matter to be investigated and the activity stopped.” In response, Soviet ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin suggested that the U.S. was conducting “similar activity” against the Soviet Mission in New York and the Soviet Embassy in Washington. While expressing skepticism at the U.S. claims—which were, in fact, incorrect—that the radiation exceeded Soviet safety standards, Gromyko “indicated he would look into the matter.”

But the daily doses of radiation continued. By mid-1975, U.S. intelligence monitors detected additional, and stronger, signals aimed at the Embassy. Hundreds of diplomats, security and intelligence officers, and their families who lived in the residence section of the Consulate building, were unknowingly exposed to radiation for up to 19 hours a day.

The U.S. ambassador, Walter Stoessel, became the unsung hero of the Moscow Signal saga in the fall of 1975 when he forcefully pushed a reluctant Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, to pressure the Kremlin to terminate the transmissions and to authorize a classified briefing for the Embassy staff—who had been kept in the dark about the existence of the Moscow Signal. A strictly confidential Embassy staff briefing was scheduled in early February 1976, cancelled, and then rescheduled and held. Sensitive information Stoessel shared with U.S. Embassy personnel immediately leaked to U.S. newspapers, setting off a major scandal in U.S.-Soviet relations. 

AN INCOMPLETE HISTORICAL RECORD

The publicity surrounding the Moscow Signal generated congressional inquiries and hearings and renewed internal U.S. government efforts to halt the transmissions. The National Security Agency eventually sent one of its leading technical officers, Charles Gandy, to Moscow to assess Embassy security and to determine how the microwave beams were being used to intercept U.S. Embassy communications and identify U.S. spies in Russia. Gandy’s investigation became the focus of a recent book, The Spy in Moscow Station,  by former NSA official Eric Haseltine.

But the intelligence operations and assessments produced by the NSA and CIA on the Moscow Signal remain TOP SECRET. “Information on nonbiological testing that followed the discovery of the Moscow signal is still classified,” Professor Steneck noted in his book, The Microwave Debate , which contained several detailed chapters on the microwave beams and the U.S. government response when it was published in 1984. After nearly four decades, almost none of the intelligence community’s records on the Moscow Signal have been released.

Pursuant to demands by Congress, however, the U.S. government did begin to declassify select parts of the history of U.S. efforts to understand and address the Moscow Signal. ARPA declassified some documentation for a 1979 investigation by the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Other records were obtained through the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) by Steneck while researching his book. In the mid-1980s, the Associated Press used the FOIA to obtain several thousand pages of records. An investigative reporter named Michael Drosnin also obtained numerous PANDORA documents under the FOIA but never published the information they contained. Some of the PANDORA documents were eventually posted on a Pentagon website and later used by former Foreign Policy executive editor Sharon Weinberger in her book, Imagineers of War: The Untold Story of DARPA, the Pentagon Agency That Changed the World . The book was excerpted in an article for the Foreign Policy website, “The Secret History of Diplomats and Invisible Weapons,” that noted that the alleged use of a “sound weapon” against U.S. Embassy officials in Cuba “harks back to a Cold War medical mystery” in Russia. Former U.S. diplomats who were exposed to the Moscow Signal in the 1970s—especially those who believe their rare blood cancer illnesses derive from that exposure—have also written about the parallels with the "Havana Syndrome." “It is like ‘déjà vu’ all over again,” said retired diplomat James Schumacher, who was posted in Moscow over 40 years ago and wrote in an article for the American Foreign Service Association titled “Before Havana Syndrome, There Was Moscow Signal.”

The National Security Archive obtained the declassification of phone conversations between Henry Kissinger and Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin relating to the Moscow Signal through the FOIA and has located dozens of reports on PANDORA/BIZARRE—along with diplomatic cables and reports relating to the diplomacy with the Kremlin to end the microwave beams—in the files of the National Archives and various presidential libraries. The Archive will continue to use the FOIA to uncover the full historical record on this episode, including the CIA assessments and the still secret records on how Washington and the Kremlin negotiated an end to the microwave transmissions.

Part II of the series,  “The Moscow Signals Declassified: Microwave Diplomacy,”  which records more than ten years of back channel diplomatic efforts to address the radiation beams aimed at the Embassy, will be posted on September 15, 2022. Part III,  “Irradiating Richard Nixon,”  which documents ionizing radiation detected during the Vice President's 1959 trip to Moscow, will be posted the week of September 19th. A supplementary, special collection of documentation on “Moscow Signals Declassified,” will also be posted the week of September 19.

Acknowledgements : The National Security Archive respectfully thanks Nicholas Steneck for his original, groundbreaking research on the Moscow Signal, and for his support and encouragement on this project; and also Louis Slesin for his assistance. Thanks also to Jacqueline Schluger, George Washington University, for research assistance on this posting.

The Documents

National Security Archive, John Prados and Arturo Jimenez-Bacardi, eds., “Understanding the CIA,” Document 14

In the wake of the discovery of 17 Soviet listening devices hidden in the walls of U.S. Embassy in Moscow in June 1964, the chairman of the President’s Scientific Advisory Committee, MIT Provost Jerome Wiesner, conducted a security review of the Embassy. His classified report to Clark Clifford, who chaired the President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB), contains a number of recommendations, among them using headsets and microphones to conduct secure conversations in the building, “inducing masking sounds” into the walls to disable the function of the eavesdropping equipment, and mounting screens to block electromagnetic-reflection surveillance operations. Wiesner also sounds the alarm on the microwave radiation beams that have been bathing the building for a decade: “More effort should be made to understand the purpose of the microwave signal directed at the Embassy, or failing in this, to stop it,” he advised. “It is hard to understand why we have been so unconcerned about it.”

Nicholas H. Steneck personal collection

In one of the earliest arguments in favor of conducting experiments to explain the Moscow Signal, scientist Samuel Koslov of the Defense Department’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) sends a memo to the State Department’s security office with a brief overview, based on Soviet scientific literature, of the “possible effects of low level continuous exposure” to radiation on human health. “A possible explanation of the Moscow Signal may reside in an attempt to produce a relatively low level neurophysiological condition among Embassy personnel,” Koslov postulates, while admitting that “the detailed studies of the signal do not give this a high probability of interest.” Koslov insists, erroneously, that “the Soviet irradiation of the Embassy exceeds their own ambient safety level by a factor of 100.” (Initially, U.S. intelligence significantly overestimated the strength of the signal when, in fact, it was well below both Soviet and U.S. safety standards.) He advocates for “a program to specifically check the complex Moscow signal waveform on higher primates” in order to “supply some data base for possible use in a protest action.” Within a few months, ARPA receives authorization to initiate a secret program to test the impact of radiation exposure on the behavior of monkeys.

Drosnin FOIA, DoD Reading Room

ARPA initiates a special research program codenamed “Project PANDORA.” In this memorandum introducing the project, supervisor Richard Cesaro explains that the U.S. Embassy in Moscow has been radiated with low-level electromagnetic beams on a continuous basis for a number of years. In response, the White House has ordered the U.S. Intelligence Board to assure that “intensive investigative research be conducted within the State Department, CIA and DOD to attempt to determine what the actual threat is and stop it.” The code name for the multi-agency efforts is “TUMS”–Technically Unidentified Moscow Signal. But, Cesaro advises, the ARPA contribution “is known as Project PANDORA” and will address “one of the potential threats, that of radiation effects on man.” Cesaro informs the other agencies participating in the project that a “program has been outlined to irradiate a group of primates under carefully controlled conditions simulating the dosages and complex modulation of the threat.” Cesaro adds that, “The trained primates will be carefully observed under varying and controlled irradiated conditions in an attempt to determine if any changes in their behavior or physiological condition can be detected.” Eventually, as ARPA expands its work on the Moscow Signal, the experiments on rhesus monkeys will be referred to as “Project BIZARRE.”

Nicholas Steneck research papers, Gerald Ford Presidential Library

The State Department’s medical office cables the U.S. Embassy in Moscow to advise them of the “Moscow Viral Study” that the department is conducting as a cover story to draw blood from U.S. personnel to research the physiological effects of the Moscow Signal. To identify potential subjects, the Department requests quarterly reports on employees and dependents who are due to return from Moscow to the U.S. for home leave.

The State Department medical office offers George Washington University an 11-month contract to evaluate and code blood samples taken from Moscow Embassy diplomats, employees, and dependents. The project is titled “Cytogenetic Evaluation of Mutagenic Exposure” and will be supervised by Dr. Cecil Jacobson, a George Washington University scientist assigned to the Human Cytogenetics Research Laboratory who is on the PANDORA team. In a reference to PANDORA, a summary of the contract states that the human blood samples may inform experimentation on animals. “Confirmative animal experiments will be undertaken later,” states a summary of the program.

U.S. National Archives, Department of State Records (RG 59), Subject Numeric Files, 1967-1969, BG Moscow 13

During the June 1967 Summit between President Lyndon Johnson and Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin, U.S. officials issue the first high-level protest of the ongoing microwave signals. At a side meeting between Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, Rusk stated that “we were very much concerned at an electro-magnetic signal directed at our Chancery building in Moscow.” Rusk said the U.S. “did not know the purpose of this activity,” but said the U.S. wanted “the matter to be investigated and the activity stopped.” In response, Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin suggested that the U.S. was conducting “similar activity” against the Soviet Mission in New York and the Soviet Embassy in Washington. While expressing skepticism at the U.S. claims, Gromyko “indicated he would look into the matter.”

In a special summary to a colleague, the CIA’s representative on Project PANDORA/BIZARRE, Joseph Johnston, records the status of the experiments. He notes that analysis of the “TUMS power levels” has been revised and considerably lowered. There is now “reasonable certainty that the power level is not over 50 microwatts/cm2” but closer to 2 microwatts/cm2 at its average high level. Citing the results of the first test on a monkey (which were conducted when U.S. analysts mistakenly believed the signal was at a higher power level than it was) Johnston notes that there were “pronounced behavioral affects [and] performance decrement.” The impact on behavior, he suggests, was “due to the modulation feature” of the signal, “and not to the energy bearing carrier frequency.” “This very intriguing and important observation in one animal must be pursued,” he advises, and confirmed by an independent laboratory. Johnston emphasizes that “all positive findings of Project BIZARRE were achieved at one half an order of magnitude below the accepted U.S. standard for safe exposure.” Moreover, subsequent experiments at the adjusted lower level of radiation “produced no behavioral effects,” Johnston points out. He concludes: “I feel confident in stating that, at the power levels reported for TUMS, persons exposed are at no risk of injury.”

Ricard S. Cesaro, overseer of the PANDORA/BIZARRE program, sends a “progress report on Project BIZARRE” to the ARPA research and engineering director in September 1967. His report references a series of previous updates on subjecting primates to microwave exposure, as well as a secret CIA memorandum titled “Summary of TUMS Power Density Measurements” which reported that the levels of the microwaves beamed at the U.S. Embassy were considerably lower than previously believed. (They were, in fact, at levels below the Soviet safety standards, and likely not threatening to human health.) [1] “New measurements with ARPA instrumentation of the ‘Moscow Signal’ on site has [sic] now been completed,” Cesaro advises. Using the corrected level, “the recent BIZARRE tests have completed one experiment on primate behavior” that demonstrates “no overt primate performance degradation …” Even so, Cesaro’s memo lays out the argument to go beyond radiation experiments on monkeys and conduct tests on human subjects. “The ARPA BIZARRE program will establish methods which should permit us to relate the behavior of sub-human primates to man under conditions of microwave exposure,” he advises. “This may require direct testing with humans under controlled conditions.”

ARPA official Herbert Pollack reports on a meeting held on the USS Saratoga aircraft carrier with key naval officers to discuss a new PANDORA project. The project will review medical records of the ship’s personnel, and place “observers aboard the Saratoga to get base line readings on selected members of the crew.” The purpose of the study is to evaluate medical differences between distinct groups of crewmen: veteran members of the crew whose duties exposed them to microwaves generated by radar instrumentation; and new recruits with no history of previous exposure to microwaves. At ARPA, the project is code-named operation “Big Boy.”

Document 10

In one of a series of monthly meetings in 1969, Pandora’s scientific-government board reviews its research efforts on the Moscow Signal. The first part of the meeting covers the initial results of project “Big Boy,” the study of the crew of the USS Saratoga . Early tests “were negative,” finding “no significant differences in psychological tests performed on apparently exposed and control groups,” and no “significant differences” in genetic and physical findings. After almost four years of experiments on monkeys, the panel agrees that “there is at present insufficient evidence to draw conclusions” about the potential impact of the Moscow Signal on human behavior. The inconclusive nature of the research reinforces proposals at the meeting to move beyond exposing monkeys to radiation to “develop[ing] a human program.” Subjects for human testing of radiation impact could be secured from Fort Detrick (misspelled as “Ft. Dietrich” in the document) and subjected to radiation exposure over a period of six months, according to the discussion. “Study should be double-blind with protection of eyes and gonads,” the board suggests. “Shielding of testicles is recommended.”

Document 11

The PANDORA officials devote most of this meeting to developing a specific protocol for subjecting humans to radiation tests, addressing the levels of radiation to be used, and the “behavioral aspects of the program.” They also discuss “classification considerations” and “an appropriate cover” story to maintain secrecy around the research, including from the personnel being subjected to the tests. “DOD regards the general line of effort to acquire human-based data on effects of the signal, with appropriate safeguards, as a high priority,” the minutes state. “ARPA believes that the entire effort should be classified for several reasons.” Reflecting the sensitivity around the issue of human testing, according to the minutes “It was urged that DOD provide written security specifications and guide for the program.” (Emphasis in original.)

Document 12

Drosnin FOIA, DOD Reading Room

RAND Corp. scientist Samuel Koslov, the former ARPA official who in 1965 who helped initiate the PANDORA project, assesses the data generated by several years of experiments on the impact of radiation on the behavior of rhesus monkeys. “I am forced to conclude that the data do not present any evidence of a behavioral change due to the presence of the special signal within the limits of any reasonable scientific criteria,” he writes. “There is evidence of behavioral change in some cases but this change could be attributed to a variety of causes or systematic measurement errors all well within the limits of experimental methodology. Evidence of other effects such as EEG, histology, and chromosomal analyses have not accumulated with either adequate detail or control to tell whether effects due to radiation are present.”

Document 13

U.S. National Archives, Record Group 46, Records of U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, 90 to 95th Congress, Project Pandora Folder

In response to a request from the Navy, a panel of experts led by RAND Corporation scientist Samuel Koslov evaluates one of the last Project BIZARRE-type contracts for radiation experimentation on monkeys and rabbits. The panel concludes that the leading experiments to measure the impact of “long-term, low-level chronic exposure of primates” to radiation have produced “no material … which is scientifically credible ….” Among the factors the panel cites are the failure of the Navy to provide proper radiation devices, bad management, poorly trained technicians, and “poor” animal care. “Animal care was not in accordance with good laboratory practice,” the panel reported, citing the death of five of the monkeys. “Examination of the data log indicated that of five monkeys’ deaths, three were certainly due to strangulation resulting from poor experimental design of the restraint system.”

Document 14

In the aftermath of the scandal over the Moscow Signal, and publication of a high-profile article on the subject in The New Yorker magazine by Paul Broduer, several congressional committees investigate U.S. government efforts to address the microwave beams, including the PANDORA and BIZARRE projects at DARPA. In response to a series of questions posed by Representative Warren Magnuson, chairman of the House Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, DARPA director George H. Heilmeier transmits this letter providing answers and a general summary of the PANDORA program. Among the details: PANDORA was shut down in March 1970 after almost five years of work; its total costs amounted to $4,615,000. Heilmeier misleads the committee by denying that PANDORA was intended to “probe” the use of microwaves as a form of “mind control.” He also states that DARPA “does not foresee the development, by DARPA, of weapons using microwaves and actively being directed toward altering nervous system function or behavior. Neither are we aware of any of our own forces or possible adversary forces developing such weapons.” In the letter, Heilmeier also announces that meeting minutes of the PANDORA board have been declassified.

Document 15

U.S. Senate Committee Print

Following the scandal of the Moscow Signal, the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation conducts a lengthy review of the documentation on the PANDORA/BIZARRE projects and of various official investigations in an effort to determine the health and safety effects on U.S. personnel who served at the Embassy. This staff report criticizes the official secrecy that kept U.S. personnel in the dark about the ongoing radiation: “Embassy employees were not informed by the State Department of the presence of this radiation throughout the period from its initial discovery until early 1976,” the report notes. “The employees should have been promptly informed of the situation.” At the same time, the report concludes that as of 1979 the medical survey studies on U.S. personnel showed no discernible evidence of impact on health from exposure to the low-level radiation beams. “No convincing evidence was discovered that could directly implicate the exposure to microwave radiation experienced by the employees at the Moscow Embassy in the causation of any adverse health effects as of the time of this analysis,” the Senate inquiry concluded, with the caveat that “it is too early to have been able to detect long-term mortality effects” among hundreds of U.S. personnel exposed to radiation waves between 1953 and 1977.

[1] See also Nicholas Steneck, The Microwave Debate (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1985), 110.

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OFFSHORE EXPOSE

Icij reveals more than 800 russians behind secret companies in landmark expansion of public offshore database.

The Offshore Leaks Database spotlights vital new information on the covert financial activities of oligarchs, bankers and politicians as waves of Western sanctions target Putin loyalists.

T he International Consortium of Investigative Journalists is making public a trove of new information about shell companies linked to Russians as part of a broader effort to spotlight the offshore world and the hidden wealth of Kremlin-linked figures in the wake of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.

The company names and other data on more than 800 Russian nationals come from Seychelles-based Alpha Consulting Ltd., an offshore services provider that serves mostly Russian clients. The data includes newly discovered details about companies tied to Russian President Vladimir Putin’s allies and other Russian political figures who shelter assets behind opaque businesses that can be used to escape global sanctions.

Putin’s former communications minister, a high-ranking regional political leader, an imprisoned cryptocurrency specialist and an oligarch are among the Russians whose names appear in the data, which can be accessed through ICIJ’s public Offshore Leaks Database .

The database now contains information on more than 800,000 offshore companies, foundations and trusts, and links to people and companies in more than 200 countries and territories, which can be publicly searched and downloaded.

In addition to the data release, ICIJ and its partners are publishing new reporting that shows how Russian bankers, oligarchs and others in Putin’s orbit have obscured vast wealth in tax havens with the help of Western enablers. The data release, and the stories, draw primarily from the Pandora Papers , millions of offshore financial records that fueled a 2021 global investigation.

This new publication, dubbed Pandora Papers Russia, marks the latest effort by ICIJ to shine light into one of the world’s most secretive industries — and follows a decade of reporting on Russian offshore maneuvering in particular. For ease of access, ICIJ has compiled much of that prior reporting in a dedicated page called the Russia Archive .

The reporting and the data release come as U.S., British, European and other authorities scramble to hunt down money and assets of oligarchs and others with Kremlin ties, a task that offshore secrecy brokers, like Alpha Consulting, have made far more difficult.

Forty percent of more than 2,000 offshore corporations, foundations and trusts found among the leaked Alpha Consulting data and published today have one or more Russian beneficial owners. Another 23% have one or more Ukrainian beneficial owners.

The new data also links offshore companies to other firms and individuals from more than 100 countries and territories. Among Alpha Consulting’s high-profile clientele are Isabel dos Santos , Africa’s richest woman and the focus of ICIJ’s Luanda Leaks investigation; Martin Rushwaya , a Zimbabwean general and presidential adviser; and Davit Galstyan, the owner of an Armenian arms company that a United Nations panel in 2013 said was involved in supplying the United Arab Emirates with ammunition that was later transferred to Libya, which was under an arms embargo.

Dos Santos and Rushwaya did not respond to questions from ICIJ. Galstyan’s attorney, Armen Andrikyan, stated that one of Galstyan’s offshore companies was closed “years ago,” but he has two active offshore companies engaged in international trade. He denied that Galstyan’s arms company supplied ammunition to Libya, stating that Galstyan “has never supplied weapons to armed groups” and the deliveries to the United Arab Emirates “were made under NATO supervision.” He added that Galstyan possesses documents that disprove the panel’s allegations.

Alpha Consulting is one of 14 offshore services providers whose documents were leaked to ICIJ, setting in motion the Pandora Papers investigation, which reviewed more than 11.9 million records, containing 2.94 terabytes of confidential information. Offshore service providers specialize in the incorporation and operation of companies, trusts and foundations typically used to shelter assets in secrecy jurisdictions away from the view of tax and law enforcement authorities, the courts and the general public. The release of Alpha Consulting data is part of ICIJ’s ongoing effort to publish information from the Pandora Papers project . More data tied to the other providers will be published in the coming weeks.

Offshore Leaks Database shines light on offshore economy

Created by ICIJ in 2013 and maintained by ICIJ’s data and tech teams, the Offshore Leaks Database strips away the secrecy that cloaks companies and trusts incorporated in tax havens and exposes the people behind them. The database contains information from leaks that served as the basis for five ICIJ projects: Offshore Leaks in 2013, the blockbuster Panama Papers and Bahamas Leaks in 2016, the Paradise Papers in 2017, and last year’s Pandora Papers , the data of which is being added in installments .

The interactive database application reveals more than 740,000 names of people and companies creating and operating secret offshore structures. The data includes, when available, the names of the real owners. Because the records are leaked, not from a standardized corporate registry, there may be duplicates. In some cases, companies are listed as shareholders for other companies or for trusts, an arrangement that often helps obscure the real people behind offshore entities.

ICIJ doesn’t publish raw documents, corporate or personal, en masse. While the database contains a great deal of verified, organized and searchable information about company owners, proxies and intermediaries in secrecy jurisdictions, it doesn’t disclose private communications, bank account information or private personal documents.

ICIJ is publishing this information in the public interest. While the presence of a person’s or a company’s name is not intended to suggest or imply that they have engaged in illegal or improper conduct, ICIJ believes that providing this data to all for free helps shine a light on the scope of the offshore economy and the damage it perpetuates.

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Alpha consulting data reveals high-profile russians.

Alpha Consulting was founded in 2008 by Victoria Valkovskaya, a Russian translator from Moscow who moved to the Seychelles, an Indian Ocean island nation, and opened the firm with her then-husband, Roy Delcy, a Seychelles native. As is typical in the offshore business, the firm provides so-called nominee directors, or stand-ins, for official corporate paperwork to help shroud shell companies’ actual owners. The company reported in 2019 that its client base was 75% Russian.

Roman Avdeev, a prominent Russian businessman and Alpha Consulting client, began selling radio components and decoders for TV sets in the late 1980s. After the fall of the Soviet Union in late 1991, Avdeev bought Credit Bank of Moscow, a major Russian financial institution. He owns a pharmacy chain and has interests in the construction, timber and oil industries. He also bought the Torpedo Moscow football club in 2017. Forbes lists his wealth at about $1.3 billion as of early April 2022. Credit Bank of Moscow has been under U.S. sanctions since February.

Alpha Consulting records show Avdeev-linked offshore companies to be registered in the Seychelles, British Virgin Islands and Belize. One of those entities, Hi Capital Corp., is listed in records as a personal savings company.

Leonid Reiman, a graduate of what is now the St. Petersburg State University of Telecommunications, worked as an engineer and later held senior positions in what is now the St. Petersburg city telephone network. He was appointed the Russian Federation’s minister of information and communications in 1999 before serving as adviser to the president.

In 2006, a Swiss arbitration panel found that Reiman had used an offshore mutual fund as a front to control large interests in Russia’s telecom industry while he was communications minister. Reiman has consistently denied owning state telecom assets.

Alpha Consulting records show that offshore firms connected to Reiman list their purpose as the trading of securities. Through a representative, Reiman declined to answer questions from ICIJ.

The records also link offshore firms to Alexander Vinnik, a Russian computer specialist. He allegedly operated a cryptocurrency exchange known as BTC-e until U.S. authorities seized it when he was arrested in Greece on a U.S. warrant in 2017. He was later extradited to France, where he was convicted of money laundering, and he is serving a five-year prison sentence. His lawyer has said he fears Vinnik could be extradited to the U.S. after he completes his term. Alpha submitted a report to Seychelles financial authorities in 2018, saying it had learned of Vinnik’s criminal record during due diligence checks, documents show. A lawyer for Vinnik didn’t respond to a request for comment from ICIJ.

The publication of Alpha Consulting data adds to what already was a huge trove of information on Russian elites in the Offshore Leaks Database. The database contains records from two financial service providers in the Pandora Papers that, together with Alpha Consulting, have the highest percentages of Russians as beneficial owners: Alemán, Cordero, Galindo & Lee (Alcogal) of Panama and Fidelity Corporate Services , founded in the British Virgin Islands. The records of all three firms are now available in the Offshore Leaks Database.

The database now includes information extracted from five leaks, on more than 11,000 entities with links to Russia. The Pandora Papers probe links nearly 3,700 companies to more than 4,400 Russian nationals — by far the most among all nationalities found in the Pandora Papers data. Russians control about 14% of all the companies and other legal entities revealed in the leak.

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RUSSIA ARCHIVE

List of oligarchs and russian elites featured in icij investigations, mar 20, 2022.

FINANCIAL SECRECY

Are oligarchs hiding money in us real estate ownership information is a missing link, research says, apr 01, 2022.

PANDORA PAPERS

Baker mckenzie, a go-to firm for kremlin-linked companies, now says it’s leaving russia, mar 15, 2022, pandora papers revealed dozens of russian politicians, oligarchs hoard wealth offshore.

Hundreds of Russians have been sanctioned by Western authorities since Putin ordered the invasion of Ukraine. But efforts to identify and freeze assets held by Putin’s inner circle have bogged down on the shores of secrecy jurisdictions. Throngs of well-connected Russians own businesses in places that make little to no ownership information available. Some companies are used to hide assets like yachts and mansions. Some are used to shuffle money around in schemes that line Putin’s pockets.

In the Pandora Papers, Russian political figures — including former ministers, ex-members of the Russian parliament (the Duma) and a presidential candidate — own 163 distinct entities. That’s more offshore companies than the ones owned by politicians from any other country.

The Russian political figures predominantly use financial service providers Alcogal and Dadlaw, and most of their companies are registered in the British Virgin Islands and Cyprus, secrecy jurisdictions that are notorious for their low taxes.

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Mikail Gutseriev, founder of major Russian oil company RussNeft and a former member of the Duma, and his brother Sait-Salam Gutseriev, another former Duma member, are tied to 84 offshore companies registered by Alcogal and Dadlaw. They are the Russian politicians who  own the most offshore companies in the Pandora Papers. Neither responded to requests for comment directed to RussNeft’s press office.

In addition to politicians, more than 45 oligarchs appear in the Pandora Papers data. They range from billionaire businessmen who run major oil companies to kingpins in the sports world. As of April 8, at least 12 of them were targeted by the recent sanctions.

Contributors: Caroline Desprat, Pierre Romera, Maxime Vanza, Antonio Cucho, Hamish Boland-Rudder, Asraa Mustufa, Jorge González, Javier Ladrón de Guevara, Dean Starkman

Pandora A/S is a Danish jewellery manufacturer and retailer founded in 1982 by Per Enevoldsen. The company started as a family-run jewellery shop in Copenhagen. Pandora is known for its customizable charm bracelets, designer rings, necklaces and watches. The company has a production site in Thailand and markets its products in more than 100 countries on six continents with more than 7,000 points of sale.

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