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• Setting sail: A beginner's guide to sailing a yacht

Sailing a yacht, with its billowing sails and the gentle sound of water against the hull, is an enchanting experience that beckons adventurers and dreamers alike. Whether you've always been drawn to the allure of the open waters or you simply seek a new and exhilarating hobby, setting sail on a yacht is an extraordinary journey that awaits you.

The allure of sailing

There's something truly captivating about sailing on a boat, where the wind becomes your guide and the vast expanse of the ocean becomes your playground. The sense of freedom and connection with nature is unparalleled as you navigate the waters, leaving behind the noise and haste of everyday life.

Preparing to sail

Before embarking on your sailing adventure, it's essential to make necessary preparations. Learn about weather conditions, tides, and navigational charts to ensure a safe and enjoyable voyage. Familiarize yourself with the yacht's equipment, safety protocols, and communication systems.

Understanding the basics of sailing

For beginners, learning the fundamentals of sailboat handling and terminology is crucial. Discover the various parts of a sailboat, such as the mast, rigging, sails, and rudder, and understand how they work together to catch the wind and propel you forward.

Read our top notch articles on topics such as sailing, sailing tips and destinations in our  Magazine.  

Steer with confidence: How to sail a yacht

Mastering the art of steering a yacht is both empowering and rewarding. Learn the techniques to control the sails, adjust the angle, and harness the wind's power to navigate your vessel smoothly and efficiently.

Hoist the sails: Sailing techniques for beginners

As a novice sailor, it's essential to explore different sailing techniques. Learn how to tack and jibe, sail upwind and downwind, and handle different wind conditions. Practice basic maneuvers until they become second nature, building your confidence on the water.

Navigating the waters: Where to sail

The world's oceans and waterways offer a vast array of sailing destinations. Discover scenic coastlines, picturesque islands, and hidden coves as you plan your sailing routes. Research the best sailing locations that suit your skill level and preferences.

Yacht at sea.

Safety first: Sailing precautions and best practices

Safety should always be a top priority when sailing a yacht. Familiarize yourself with life-saving equipment, emergency procedures, and safety checks before each voyage. Understand how to respond to unexpected challenges and ensure the well-being of yourself and your crew.

Weathering the storm: Dealing with challenging conditions

Mother Nature can be unpredictable, and weather conditions can change rapidly at sea. Learn how to interpret weather forecasts and respond to adverse conditions. Having the knowledge and preparedness to navigate through challenging weather ensures a safe and successful sailing trip.

Sailing gear and equipment: The essentials for your voyage

Investing in quality sailing gear and equipment enhances your comfort and safety on board. From life jackets and harnesses to navigational tools and communication devices, having the right gear ensures a smooth and enjoyable journey.

A smooth sail: Troubleshooting and problem solving

In the world of sailing, unexpected challenges may arise. Knowing how to troubleshoot common issues, such as tangled rigging or minor equipment malfunctions, empowers you to handle situations effectively and continue your voyage with confidence.

So you want to get into sailing?

If you're drawn to the world of sailing but don't know where to begin, seek out sailing schools, clubs, and organizations that offer introductory courses and sailing experiences. Engaging with the sailing community provides invaluable guidance and support as you embark on your sailing journey.

Making sailing accessible: Sailing schools and training

Sailing schools offer structured courses led by experienced instructors, providing you with hands-on learning and a comprehensive understanding of sailing techniques. Consider enrolling in a sailing course to acquire the skills and knowledge needed to sail with confidence.

Sailing community: Building connections and finding support

Joining a sailing community opens up a world of camaraderie and shared experiences. Connect with fellow sailors, participate in sailing events and regattas, and exchange tips and stories with like-minded individuals who share your passion for the sea.

The joy of sailing: An sdventure like no other

As you set sail and immerse yourself in the world of yachting, you'll discover the true joy of sailing. The sense of accomplishment, the thrill of mastering the winds, and the breathtaking vistas of the open sea create memories that will last a lifetime.

So what are you waiting for? Take a look at our range of charter boats and head to some of our favourite sailing destinations .

Faqs about sailing.

What are the common sailing terms I should know?

Brush up on basic sailing terms like port, starboard, bow, stern, tacking, jibing, and points of sail.

Can I sail a yacht alone or do I need a crew?

While experienced sailors may sail solo, it's advisable for beginners to have a small crew for safety and assistance.

Is sailing a yacht physically demanding?

Sailing can require some physical effort, but modern yachts and equipment make it accessible to people of various fitness levels.

The role of crew positions and duties on a sailboat

Discover the key crew positions and their duties on a sailboat to ensure a safe and enjoyable journey exploring the open sea with your family.

The Role of Crew Positions and Duties on a Sailboat

Sailing is an exciting and fulfilling way to explore the world with your family, but it’s also a complex endeavor that requires a solid understanding of various crew positions and duties. In this article, we’ll delve into the different roles on a sailboat, their responsibilities, and how they contribute to a successful sailing adventure.

Table of Contents

Introduction, watch leader, galley crew, communications officer.

Before we dive into the specific crew positions, it’s important to note that the size and complexity of your sailboat will determine the number of crew members needed. On a smaller boat, one person may take on multiple roles, while larger boats may require a full crew to operate efficiently. Regardless of your boat’s size, understanding the various roles and their duties will help ensure a safe and enjoyable sailing experience.

The skipper, also known as the captain, is the person in charge of the sailboat. They are responsible for the overall safety and well-being of the crew and the vessel. The skipper’s duties include:

• Planning and executing the sailing itinerary
• Ensuring the boat is properly maintained and equipped
• Making decisions regarding navigation, weather, and safety
• Managing the crew and assigning tasks
• Ensuring all crew members are trained and competent in their roles
• Handling emergencies and making critical decisions under pressure

The skipper should have extensive sailing experience, strong leadership skills, and a thorough understanding of the boat’s systems and capabilities.

The first mate, or mate, is the skipper’s right-hand person and is responsible for assisting with the management of the boat and crew. The first mate’s duties include:

• Assisting the skipper with navigation, weather, and safety decisions
• Supervising and directing the crew in their tasks
• Stepping in as skipper if the skipper is incapacitated or unavailable

The first mate should have strong sailing skills, good communication and leadership abilities, and a solid understanding of the boat’s systems and capabilities.

The navigator is responsible for planning and executing the boat’s course, taking into account factors such as weather, currents, and hazards. The navigator’s duties include:

• Creating and updating the boat’s passage plan
• Monitoring the boat’s position and progress using charts, GPS, and other navigational tools
• Identifying and avoiding potential hazards, such as reefs, shoals, and shipping traffic
• Communicating with the skipper and crew regarding the boat’s course and any necessary adjustments

The navigator should have strong navigational skills, a keen eye for detail, and the ability to think critically and make decisions under pressure.

On longer passages, the crew will typically be divided into watches, with each watch responsible for sailing the boat for a set period of time. The watch leader is responsible for overseeing their watch and ensuring the boat is sailed safely and efficiently. The watch leader’s duties include:

• Ensuring the crew on watch is performing their tasks correctly and efficiently
• Monitoring the boat’s course, speed, and sail trim
• Communicating with the skipper and other watch leaders regarding the boat’s progress and any issues that arise
• Ensuring the crew on watch is well-rested and alert

The watch leader should have strong sailing skills, good communication and leadership abilities, and the ability to make decisions under pressure.

The helm, or helmsperson, is responsible for steering the boat and maintaining its course. The helm’s duties include:

• Steering the boat according to the navigator’s instructions
• Monitoring the boat’s speed and adjusting the sails as needed to maintain optimal performance
• Communicating with the crew regarding sail trim and other adjustments
• Keeping a lookout for potential hazards and other vessels

The helm should have strong sailing skills, good communication abilities, and a keen sense of awareness.

Deckhands are responsible for handling the sails, lines, and other equipment on the boat. Deckhand duties include:

• Hoisting, lowering, and trimming sails
• Tying and adjusting lines, such as halyards, sheets, and dock lines
• Assisting with anchoring and mooring the boat
• Performing routine maintenance tasks, such as cleaning and inspecting the rigging

Deckhands should have a basic understanding of sailing and be able to follow instructions and work well as part of a team.

The galley crew is responsible for preparing meals and maintaining the cleanliness and organization of the boat’s galley (kitchen). Galley crew duties include:

• Planning and preparing meals for the crew
• Ensuring the galley is clean and well-stocked
• Managing food storage and waste disposal
• Assisting with other tasks as needed, such as cleaning and maintenance

Galley crew members should have good cooking skills, be well-organized, and able to work efficiently in a small space.

The engineer is responsible for maintaining and repairing the boat’s mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. Engineer duties include:

• Performing routine maintenance on the engine, generator, and other systems
• Diagnosing and repairing mechanical, electrical, and plumbing issues
• Ensuring the boat’s systems are operating efficiently and safely
• Assisting with other tasks as needed, such as sail handling and deck work

The engineer should have a strong technical background, good problem-solving skills, and a thorough understanding of the boat’s systems.

The communications officer is responsible for managing the boat’s communication systems, including radios, satellite phones, and internet access. Communications officer duties include:

• Monitoring and operating the boat’s communication systems
• Ensuring the crew is aware of and follows proper communication protocols
• Communicating with other vessels, marinas, and authorities as needed
• Assisting with navigation and weather information

The communications officer should have a strong understanding of communication systems and protocols, good communication skills, and the ability to think critically and make decisions under pressure.

Understanding the various crew positions and their duties is essential for a successful sailing adventure. Whether you’re sailing with a full crew or taking on multiple roles yourself, being well-versed in these responsibilities will help ensure a safe and enjoyable journey for you and your family. As you gain experience and confidence in your sailing abilities, you’ll be better equipped to handle the challenges and rewards that come with living the sailing lifestyle.

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Better Sailing

Sailing Crew Roles and Names

The skipper is responsible for the safety of the yacht and the crew’s welfare. However, sailing a boat successfully requires teamwork from the skipper and the crew. This will ensure that all maneuvers—such as leaving a mooring, hoisting sails, changing tacks, reefing, or entering a marina—can be completed with maximum enjoyment and minimum stress.

Boat Captain/Skipper

It may come as a shock, but the skipper is not necessarily the helm. This crew member must ensure that the boat is ready for sailing. He or she needs to make sure that all members of the crew are accounted for. They also need to make sure that food and fuel are sufficient, and sails are ready for hoisting. The skipper is in charge of keeping communications open onboard and help other crew members if needed. Also, they are usually responsible for talking the whole crew through maneuvers as they are about to happen and making sure that all crew members are ready.

What Makes A Good Skipper?

• Responsibility : The skipper is responsible for all aspects of the running of the yacht, its safety, and the crew’s wellbeing.
• Skills : He or she should be comfortable with sailing and navigation skills, inspire confidence in their crew, and be a good communicator.
• Delegation : A good skipper should keep on top of all his or her duties and give the crew tasks that are appropriate to their experience.
• Patience : He or she should be patient with inexperienced crew members and be able to run the yacht with a light touch while retaining respect and authority. 
• Briefing : It is the skipper’s role to plan the passage in detail before setting sail. 
• Involvement : A good skipper will also encourage the crew to get involved in passage planning and navigation and will always listen to their opinions.

Tactician 

The tactician’s role is to get the boat around the racecourse as fast as possible. For that, he needs to take into account the wind, tide, and other competitors, as well as the crew’s ability. They also need to make sure that the boat has the correct course. In short, the tactician is the brains of the sailboat. The tactician must communicate with the helm and skipper to run through maneuvers.

The Helm (Driver)

The Helm is often mistakenly perceived as the skipper. This crew role is to steer the boat where the tactician says and to keep sailing as fast as possible. The helm is also helping with other tasks, but they must focus on the job at hand as much as possible. The helm and the tactician must be in close communication with each other.

Head Sail Trimmers

This crew role is for two members, one who will cut release the sail when going through the tack while the other pulls in the full sail. The crew member releasing can then assist with tailing the sail or trimming it – which is a good example of teamwork. Also, the trimmer should keep adjusting the sail, depending on the point of sail, and should be very focused on that task. Also, the trimmers are in charge of trimming the spinnaker sail and guy when going downwind. Main communication is kept between each other, boat captain and tactician. Pre-start these guys will have a lot to do!

This crew member is in control of all sail hoists and drops depending on the wind. The bowman spends most of their time on the foredeck (the deck at the forward part of the sailboat), preparing for spinnaker hoists, gibes, and drops. 

This crew member is a combination of both the bowman and mastman. They are in control of all of the running rigging which comes into the cockpit. This is a vital role and always in the middle of the action. Pitmans must keep communication is between bowman, mast man, and skipper—the eyes and ears for the foredeck crew.

This position is reserved for the stronger members of the crew. A mastman’s foremost task is to assist with the speedy hoisting of the sails during maneuvers. The mast man and bowman go hand in hand and help each other on hoists and drops. The main communication is with the bowman, pitman, and skipper.

No sailing team is complete without its ballast crew members that help to balance the boat in order to reach its top possible speeds and maneuverability. These members of the crew are called ‘ballast’ and are key when racing for the mark. Ballast crew members have the best seat in the house.

What Makes a Good Crew Member?

• Key qualities : All crew members require a positive attitude, sense of humor, and the ability to get along with others in the confined space aboard a cruiser. 
• Willingness to Learn : Good crew members are willing to learn and to take an active role in all aspects of running the yacht.
• Attentive : Diligent crew listen to the instructions carefully and ask questions if they do not understand anything.
• Working As a Team : All members of the crew must remember that they are part of a team. A happy gathering in the cockpit at the end of the passage is an indicator that each member of the crew has done their job.

Peter is the editor of Better Sailing. He has sailed for countless hours and has maintained his own boats and sailboats for years. After years of trial and error, he decided to start this website to share the knowledge.

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Last updated: Feb 08, 2024

Posted by Rookie Road Staff

Sailing Positions

Positioning in sailing has to do with where your sail is facing and how it is being affected by the wind. In order to keep direction and speed, someone must be paying attention to the speed and direction of the wind and adjusting the sail accordingly. Even a slight miscalculation could be disastrous in sailing. Below, we will take a look at the different positions, duties, and jobs one can have on a sailboat.

Sailing Duties

The people who work on a ship can differ depending on the type of ship. The crew on a crew boat consists of eight people all sitting in a row on the boat. This is different from the crew on a yacht, which includes spinnakers, helmsman, bowmen, and more. Though their duties are different, the objective of both sets of crew is to work with the wind and tides to get to the next destination as quickly and easily as possible. With a yacht, this means dealing with a sail while a crew boat needs to paddle.

While the titles and roles of the various crew members on a sailing boat may vary depending on the league, race, and type of vessel, here are a few common positions you will hear of in sailing:

Tactician/Trimmer

A sailing tactician, also sometimes referred to as a “trimmer,” checks the wind shifts and adjusts the course of the boat accordingly . In races, their job is to guide the boat and the other crew members along the racecourse in order to get them to the finish line as fast as possible. They must take into account the angle of the sail, wind, and tide and then choose which side of the line to favor. Even a small miscalculation by a tactician can mean the end of the race for a whole team. 

Trimmers are often referred to by whichever sail they are in charge of: for instance, the trimmer who works the mainsail will be referred to as the “mainsail trimmer,” while a trimmer who works the foresail will be called a “foresail trimmer.” Trimmers may also be referred to by where on the boat they are stationed (e.g. “port trimmer” and “starboard trimmer”).

A driver, also sometimes referred to as a “helmsman," keeps the boat pointed in the direction that the tactician suggests. As their name suggests, the act of keeping the point pointed in the best possible direction is known as “driving.” Drivers are also responsible for making sure a maximum safe speed is maintained throughout the duration of the race.

A mastman is the main crewmember who assists with the quick hoist of a sail during maneuvers.  This sailor is typically the strongest member of the crew, because they must be able to easily move the sail during strong wind shifts. A mastman will work closely with the bowman and keep in communication with the pitman and captain.

The understudy, also known as the second officer, is the second-in-command and helps manage the crew.  While the tactician or first officer is in charge of navigating the boat in the correct direction, the understudy helps manage the bridge team and makes sure the deck team is acting in accordance with the first officer’s orders. Understudies will also learn the jobs of the mastman, bowman, and pitman to fill in where necessary. Understudies are most often seen on large yachts and superyachts.

The bowman is the crew member that is in charge of the sail . This is a very important job, because once a tactician signals, a bowman must be ready immediately to angle the sail or raise/drop it at a moment’s notice. If a sail is not raised, dropped, or moved in time this can mean a drastic drift off course.

The pitman is similarly-named (and has a similar function to) the pit crew in many automobile racing sports.  On a sailboat, however, the pit crew on a sailing boat is often just one person. The pitman is responsible for resolving any in-race issues with the boat that could cause a disaster or a loss while the race is underway. 

Common things that the pitman may have to deal with are unexpected knots or entanglements in the rigging and ropes of the vessel, which can make it hard to raise or shift the sails as needed. Pitmen will also prefeed sheets and “run the tapes” on sails that are off the breeze to make sure that they do not get tangled. The pitman is also commonly charged with raising and lowering sails when the boat is rounding a mark. 

What are the positions in sailing?

In sailing, position titles can vary based on what type of sailing you are performing, but the most common positions are tacticians/trimmers, a driver, a mastman, an understudy, a bowman, and a pitman.  These positions divide up the various roles and duties on a sailboat, including guiding the ship, raising and lowering sails, undoing tangles and knots, steering, and calling maneuvers.

What is a sailing team called?

A sailing team’s name can differ among boat types. Normally they are called a “crew,” specifically on crew boats where the members are very close together and are forced to work as a team more than any other boat. Teams in a competition can also just be called “sailing teams” at international competitive events such as the Olympics.

What are the positions on a yacht?

Yacht crew positions include pitman, mainsheet trimmer, bowman, helmsman, spinnaker guy trimmer, and spinnaker sheet trimmer. The crew positions on a yacht are more complicated than that of a crew boat or a smaller sailing boat. While there are only six members, as compared to eight on a crew boat, they have more complicated responsibilities dealing with the mainsail as well as other factors involved in a yacht.

Pages Related to Sailing Positions

• How Does Scoring Work in Sailing?
• What Is Sailing?
• History of Sailing
• Sailing Equipment List

Yacht Crew Positions and Salaries

The organisational structure onboard a superyacht follows a strong hierarchy based upon a military model. Exact job duties and lines of authority are set and strictly adhered to. This hierarchy is followed on the vast majority of yachts; however, responsibilities of the crew on smaller yachts are often merged.

There are four departments on yachts with clear organisational structure:

• Deck (including Bridge) – Safety, passage delivery, maintenance of the yacht's exterior, guest outdoor activities
• Engineering – Safety and smooth operational running of the yacht
• Interior – Housekeeping, guest wellbeing, activities, accounting
• Galley – Food preparation, stock control, hygiene, galley maintenance

The top of the hierarchy on each yacht is the Captain , who reports to the yacht owner either directly, or through a representative or a yacht management company.

Salaries vary and depend on the yacht size, use, type and location, as well as the experience and qualification of the crew member. We included typical salaries of crew based on the data available from reputable industry sources, as well as our research of over 60,000 crew registered with us.

Deck Positions

The primary duty of the Captain is the overall safe manning and operation of the yacht. Yacht Captain is responsible for the vessel, yacht crew, owner and guests, including personnel management, shipyard/project management, legal and regulatory compliance, accounting, achieving owners' objectives, and answers to the owner regarding all decisions.

First Mate / Chief Officer

The First Mate or Chief Officer is the right hand of the Captain. Takes command of the yacht from Captain when required. Shares Captain's responsibilities as required.

Bosun / Lead Deckhand

Bosuns are usually experienced Deckhands with additional responsibilities. They are in charge of Deckhands onboard the yacht and often spend a lot of time with guests during outdoor activities. The Bosun is normally the main tender driver.

Responsible for the maintenance of the exterior of the yacht and keeping it in pristine condition at all times. Deckhands also assist in maintaining, cleaning and operating yacht's tenders.

Engineering Positions

Chief engineer.

Responsible for the Engineering Department and for all technical aspects of the boat and its equipment. The Chief Engineer's duties include overseeing all mechanical and electrical operations, ensuring all planned maintenance takes place and liaising with subcontractors.

Second / Third Engineer

The Second and Third Engineers report directly to the Chief Engineer. They assist in maintaining all mechanical and electrical operations of the yacht.

ETO / AV/IT Officer

Electro-Technical Officer (ETO) and AV/IT Officer are in charge of daily maintenance of all electronic, computer, audio/visual and communications equipment and their efficient operation. This includes the radio, radar, telephones, satellite communications, navigation systems, computers, Internet connection, interior equipment (TVs, sound systems), etc.

Electrician

The Electrician is responsible for maintenance of all electrical circuits onboard the vessel, circuit breakers, switches, lighting, batteries, etc.

This is an administrative position on large yachts. The Purser is responsible for all operations in the interior department, including inventory, purchasing, provisioning, accounting, organising guest activities, and assisting the Captain with the yachts paperwork.

Chief Steward(ess)

Duties are similar to those of other Steward(ess)es onboard the boat, but on a more senior level, including managing the interior department and training. Small yachts with less crew do not have a Purser. The Chief Steward(ess) is in charge of all the responsibilities normally carried out by the Purser on large yachts.

Steward(ess)

Steward's or Stewardess's main responsibility is to maintain the interior of the yacht and provide the highest standard of care to the owner and guests. They serve food and drinks, prepare guest activities, pack and unpack luggage and are on call for anything that the guests want anytime day or night. On some yachts, they help the deck crew moor the yacht.

The Head/Executive Chef onboard a luxury superyacht is a culinary trained professional responsible for the overall management of the galley department on larger yachts, including guest and crew meals, provisioning, food safety, maintaining strict hygiene standards and financial/budgetary administration.

Assists the Head Chef in all aspects of galley duties. The Sous Chef may be required to independently provide crew meals or guest meals at the direction of the Head Chef.

Crew Chef / Cook

Large yachts employ a separate crew and guest chef. The Crew chef provides meals for the crew.

Other Positions

Many yachts, especially the large ones, have several additional positions. These are often combined with primary roles, e.g. Stewardess / Masseuse or Deckhand / Dive Instructor . The most common are:

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Essential Sailing Maneuvers & How To Master Them

Last Updated by

Capt Chris German

June 15, 2022

There are very few hard and fast rules about sailing and even fewer step by step instructions for how to do it. Far too many sailing books and courses treat sailing like it is a method to be mastered complete with steps and procedures.

For me sailing is much more of an art form and to be good at it, one needs a few tools and skills to master those tools to respond intuitively to the variability of the environment.

There are a few essential skills and by extension “maneuvers” that one must know intrinsically to be safe to not only sail but sail anything anywhere in any conditions. Once you have mastered these maneuvers, while single-handing in a keelboat, then and only then would I suggest that it is time for you to begin skippering a vessel in blue water.

There are seven sailing maneuvers that are essential for every sailor to know, which are tacking, jibing, heaving to, quick stop, safety position, head to wind, and the sailing clock.

Think of them as the three R’s of sailing. Reading, writing and arithmetic are scholastically speaking the basics that every one must master. These seven maneuvers are that for the sailing world in my opinion.

Until that time when you can say confidently, “I am a master of these seven maneuvers”, and while you are mastering these maneuvers, I would suggest that you keep to protected inland waters where help is just a call away and conditions are mostly reasonable and crew is readily available to assist.

Table of contents

The Maneuvers

The maneuvers that I deem essential for sailing are as follows and in no particular order:

• Safety Position

Head to Wind

The sailing clock.

There is no order to these maneuvers as none is more important than the other. It is a body of knowledge that must be mastered in order to consider oneself a competent sailor. While certain maneuvers are more readily comprehended by newbee sailors, all of these maneuvers are integral to the complete picture of sailing and if one skill is not mastered than I would suggest that none are mastered and you are not complete as a sailor.

How to Master these Maneuvers

You know how to get to Carnegie Hall right? Practice. Same deal with these maneuvers. This is not the FAA, and there is no number of hours you must have under your belt to demonstrate that you have mastered these maneuvers.

Much like a chef who must master the 5 mother sauces to be considered a master chef, it is only by demonstrating these maneuvers to yourself that you can safely assume that you have mastered these maneuvers.

I will not be on the boat with you when you need these maneuvers so if you don't trust yourself to perform these maneuvers deftly and without difficulty when you need them, it is not me who will suffer. To stick with the cooking metaphor, I can give you the recipe, but it is you that must use that recipe to create greatness. Practice is the only way to get there.

Practice on boats large and small. Practice on days of light wind, heavy wind and no wind. Practice in rain, in sun, at night and in fog. Time on the water and practice on a bevy of boats in a myriad of conditions is the only way to ensure you have mastered these maneuvers for all boats and all conditions.

To tack a boat means to steer said boat so that the bow of the boat goes through the wind. Usually you take the tiller and push it towards the sail and that will make the boat turn in the opposite direction. Wheels however usually turn in the direction you want to go so there is no hard and fast rule there.

 You also, even if you are alone, should use commands when tacking. The timing of your tack and the actions you take will be indicated by those commands and if you do ever have crew or guests it is imperative that you inform them what you are doing so that they might help or at least get out of the way.

Those commands are as follows:

• Ready About: This means that you plan to turn the boat into the wind

If there is a crew to respond they should say ready when they have prepared the jib to switch sides.

• Hard- A- Lee: This means that the helm has been turned hard towards the leeward side of the boat. There are variations on this term including “ helms-a-lee” and “tacking” but all indicate that the turn has been initiated.
• Trim to course: Once the boat has turned and the jib has been switched from one side to the other, then the helm may indicate that the desired course has been achieved and tack has been completed by saying “Trim to course”. Not everyone says this but it’s a good habit to get in to facilitate communication while underway.

Jibing (gybing)

To jibe a boat means the opposite of tacking. It means to turn the stern of the boat through the wind. This is by far a much more subtle turn as with tacking a boat must turn 90 degrees. With a jibe, a boat merely switches the direction of wind from one side of the stern to the other, oftentimes less than a few degrees of turn.

It is this subtle nature of the turn that makes this so deadly, as one may make this subtle shift of the tiller without knowledge and slam the boom that holds the mainsail into the head of an unsuspecting crew mate killing them instantly.

As with tacking this maneuver needs a few commands to ensure safety. If this is done accidentally, those commands were never given and proper warning was never afforded the doomed crewmember whose only crime is being too tall and in the wrong place.

The commands for jibing go as follows:

• Prepare to Jibe: This command is declared by the helm to indicate that they have a desire to turn the stern of the boat through the wind. It by no means indicates that anything has been done yet, but rather is a dire warning to all that if things are to proceed as the helm requests, that a deadly situation may be in the offing.

The crew will begin by getting every one below the swing range of the boom and on some boats that may indicate that you begin sheeting in the main sail so as to bring the boom amidship and reduce the swing of the boom from one side to the other.

When the crew is sure that no one will be killed by the swinging boom and if the boat is conducive to hauling in the main amidships and it has been completed, the crew may then and only then say “ready”.

• Jibe Ho!: When the helm has initiated the turn and the swing of the boom is imminent, that is the time for a loud utterance of this command. It should be loud enough for everyone, including other boats nearby to hear so that everyone knows the boom is switching sides.

 On small boats this is not such a big deal, but on big boats with booms that can be anywhere from 20 to 50 feet long and weigh upwards of 500 pounds with sails and rigging, it can really cause a lot of damage if not done with proper care and warning.

Many inland sailors might not see the value in this maneuver due to the congested nature of the bays and harbors, but once a boat is in open sea and all you have is time on your hands, this maneuver becomes critical. In the open sea there are no places to dock and there are even fewer places to drop anchor. All you have between you and the horizon are miles of limitless ocean and no way to take a break.

That is where heaving to comes in. This maneuver got its name when in the days of tall ships they would “heave to” by literally hauling the jibs of the boat to the windward side of the boat using labor and the captan to get the massive sails to do their bidding. On modern cruising boats however, you don't need a pile of sweaty deck hands to heave to and instead might use the natural force of the jib sheet to get your sail to windward.

The idea is stalling the boat by using the counteracting forces of the jib and the tiller to work together to put the brakes on for a spell. The force of a back winded jib acting in opposition to the rudder steering the bow towards wind, causes the boat to stall out sideways to the wind and slide downwind in a slow and churning manner. It's using the hull and keel to create maximum friction between the water and your boat and if performed correctly, you will see little plumes and eddies bubble out from beneath your hull on the windward side in the water.

To do the maneuver one must have their jib hauled in about a 1/3 of the way on one side. Next, tack the boat and bring the bow through the wind while leaving the jib hoven too (that's what my sailing buddies and I have agreed is the past tense of heave to) on the windward side. Once the boat has come up head to wind and the jib is thoroughly back winded, you can then release your main sheet and allow the main to luff.

Your final step is to take your tiller and shove it to windward and you will feel the boat settle onto a bubbling downwind slide. Tie your tiller off and enjoy a lunch, dinner or romp in the hay, it’s all up to you as your boat slides gently down wind into the sunset.

The Quick Stop

If you are a racer or sail onto the mooring or dock or have any other reason to want to stop your boat in a hurry without the use of a motor then the Quick stop is your goto maneuver. It is pretty simple in theory but becomes increasingly difficult on the larger vessels, but rest assured even the largest of boats will eventually respond to the quick stop if you understand how it works.

All sails have two sides. Just as you backwind the jib on the heave to, you can also backwind the main on the quick stop.

To perform a quick stop it is always best to approach a stop with minimal steerage speed. The faster you are going, the longer you will have to apply the “brakes”. You will also have to apply more breaking speed for larger and heavier vessels so it is always a good plan to go as slow as possible when you need to stop in a hurry.

Going a minimal steerage speed, take your hand and force the boom forward on the vessel. Conversely, a crew member can take the main sheet and pull it forward as well on larger vessels. Depending on which point of sail you are on you may need to push or pull the boom further and further forward to get the same breaking speed as it is using the wind to counteract the motion of your vessel on the back of the mainsail.

 If you have ever looked at a plane while landing they do a similar action when applying the flaps in a 90 degree angle to the wing. Just like the plane, a boat can come to a complete stop using the quick stop, but unlike a plane, the boat will continue to drift if you stop and don't tie up to something hard. This maneuver is used quite often to stop or slow a sailboat as it approaches a racing start line and cannot cross the line until given the horn to do so.

By the way, try the quick stop in open water a few times before you try it in traffic.

The Safety Position

The Safety Position is one of the first things they should teach you in sailing class, but ultimately, it is one of the most useful maneuvers to employ whenever you need a breather. Sailing can get quite hectic at times with waves crashing and wind gusting.To quote the immortal Ferris Bueller, “Life moves pretty fast. If you don’t stop and look and look around once in a while you could miss it.”

This move allows you to blow your sails with the boom out over the water, flatten the boat and quiet things down for a few moments. If you need a pause, the safety position is the maneuver for you.

It is quite simple to perform and it is because of this simplicity that we teach it as one of the first lessons to dinghy sailors, but on a keel boat that is overpowered, the safety position can save your sanity.

From a beam reach, where your sails are half way out, release your main and head your boat to wind ever so slightly. This will cause the main to luff but because the boom is out over the water, it will be quieter and be much less scary than a luffing boom swinging wildly over your head. Furthermore, because you have released all the pressure, your boat will flatten out and stop moving.

You can do this for a few moments and when you are ready all you have to do is pull your main back in and start sailing once again. It's safe and better still, it gives you the feeling of safety when all things are going haywire on your boat.

Much like safety position, head to wind does not require much in the way of commands or sail trim. Rather it requires a substantial amount of boat control and steering. If you ever have to land on a mooring or pick up a person in the water, head to wind is the name of the game and all skippers should be able to hold their boat head to wind for at least a few seconds if not as much as a minute.

There really is no way to coach someone to do this. The best comparison I can make is look at a duck or a fish. They hold themselves into the current or wind with little flicks of their feet or tails. They hold position to eat, hold position to live and hold position to do all sorts of things.

Sailboats too must hold position and to do this you must be able to hold your boat into the wind for a period of time using a little wind power and rudder to simply stay on station for as long as is required to pick up a mooring pennant or lift an unconscious person from the water.

You can easily practice this maneuver on anything that floats like a mooring ball or a cast adrift PFD. And this is a great way to practice man overboard drills as well. Mastering this somewhat challenging maneuver is a true test of sailing ability.

This final maneuver is actually not a maneuver at all, but instead a collection of maneuvers. Strictly speaking it is the act of trimming your sails to the wind and your course and knowing the difference between each point of sail and on which tack your boat may be.

The Points of sail put simply are:

• close hauled (all the way in)
• close reach (¼ out)
• beam reach (½ out)
• broad reach (¾ out)
• Running (All out)

You can be trimmed on either side of the boat which is called “a tack”. That is described as the side where the wind hits first with the main and boom on the opposite side. Accordingly, you could be on a broad reach starboard tack where the starboard side is the side the wind hits first and the sails are ¾ of the way out on the port side.

The reason it is called The Sailing Clock is obvious. Knowing this diagram and being able to perform all these points of sail without confusion on either side, that is the sign of a master.

There are only seven maneuvers which are absolutely essential knowledge and absolutely must be performed without confusion to call oneself a master. It's not whether I think you know how to sail or not, it's what you think of your own skill sets and ability to perform these seven maneuvers that matters. While you're learning these, keep on reading and remember, do good, have fun, sail far.

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Capt Chris German is a life long sailor and licensed captain who has taught thousands to sail over the last 20 years. In 2007, he founded a US Sailing-based community sailing school in Bridgeport, CT for inner city youth and families. When Hurricane Sandy forced him to abandon those efforts, he moved to North Carolina where he set out to share this love for broadcasting and sailing with a growing web-based television audience through The Charted Life Television Network.

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There are 3 major theories as to why Mike Lynch’s Bayesian yacht sank so fast

O n Thursday, Italian authorities retrieved a fifth body from the Bayesian superyacht that sank in a storm earlier this week, killing British technology entrepreneur Mike Lynch. 

The British-flagged, 184-foot vessel sank early Monday , and the five identified bodies thus far from the incident include Mike Lynch , founder of Autonomy and Darktrace; Morgan Stanley Bank International chairman Jonathan Bloomer and his wife, Judy; Chris Morvillo, a Clifford Chance lawyer; and his wife, Neda, were also found. Lynch’s 18-year-old daughter Hannah is still missing.

There are several theories as to why the massive, $39 million boat sank in just about 60 seconds. And the maker of the ship says the crew should’ve had time to rescue passengers. 

Theory one — the mast was pushed over by the wind

The first theory is the mast on the massive vessel was so tall it tipped the boat over when a waterspout— essentially a water tornado —hit the boat. Giovanni Costantino , CEO of The Italian Sea Group , which owns several boat brands including the yacht’s builder, Perini Navi , told The Financial Times the boat was “designed to be absolutely stable” because it had the “world’s second-tallest mast.” But Karsten Borner, the skipper of a nearby boat, suggests the sinking actually could have been caused by high winds hitting the 236-foot mast. Even with sails stowed, the mast and its rigging would have provided a vast surface area for wind resistance. 

The Bayesian “went flat [with the mast] on the water, and then went down,” Borner told Reuters . For reference, the tallest mast on a sailing boat on record was the Mirabella V at nearly 247 feet long, according to Guinness World Records .

Theory two — the retractable keel was in the wrong position

The second theory about the cause of the Bayesian sinking is that the keel was retracted when it should have been lowered, making the boat less stable. The keel is a structural beam that runs under the middle of the boat from bow to stern, giving the boat better stability, a lower center of gravity in the water, and more control while moving forward. “Without the keel, a boat might slip or skim on the water,” according to boat manufacturer Sea Born .

The Bayesian had a keel that could be retracted, according to the yacht’s manufacturer, Perini Navi. It could be lifted to reduce the draught of the boat, making it easier to enter shallow harbors. It’s possible that if the keel had been in the raised position rather than extended, that could’ve compromised the boat’s stability in a strong wind, causing it to sink.

Theory three — a major hatch was left open to the waves

Perhaps the strongest theory so far is the notion that someone on board may have left a major hatch or door ajar, causing the boat to quickly fill with water. In fact, Costantino thinks this is the strongest theory after watching back footage of the sinking. In fact, the rear of the boat appears to have a hinged door that folds down into a sea-level deck.

Since it was obvious the Bayesian was taking on water, there should have been time to get everyone off the boat and into rafts, Costantino told the FT .

“Jesus Christ! The hull is intact. The water came in from [hatchways] left open,” he said. “There is no other possible explanation. If manoeuvred properly, the boat would have comfortably handled the weather—comfortably,” he said.

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com

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The manufacturer of the superyacht that sank off Sicily, causing the deaths of UK tech entrepreneur Mike Lynch and at least five others, has said the boat was “absolutely safe” and the crew should have had time to evacuate the passengers.

Giovanni Costantino, chief executive of The Italian Sea Group, which owns several boat brands including the yacht’s builder, Perini Navi, told the Financial Times that the Bayesian “was designed to be absolutely stable and carry . . . the world’s second-tallest mast”.

“The boat sank because it took on water,” Costantino said, suggesting that proper procedures were not followed.

He suggested the large opening just above the waterline on the stern, which pivots down to make a bathing platform and launching point for small boats, may have been open and become flooded, and the same might have been true for another waterline opening on the side.

Italian and UK authorities, which are investigating the circumstances of the incident , have not said when the boat started filling with water, whether vulnerable hatches were open, or whether the crew started the engine and tried to manoeuvre out of danger.

Video description

CCTV footage of the Bayesian sinking during a violent storm

The Italian coastguard has said divers had found no breaches in the hull and the mast was intact. The vessel — a 540-tonne, British-registered yacht designed by Ron Holland and built in 2008 — was resting on the seabed on its starboard side.

James Cutfield, the Bayesian’s skipper, did not immediately respond to the FT’s request for comment. His brother told the New Zealand Herald that Cutfield was “a very good sailor” and “very well respected” in the Mediterranean.

Costantino said it took 16 minutes from the time the boat was caught by the wind and started dragging its anchor near Porticello before it finally sank , which should have given the crew time to secure the vessel and save the passengers. 

“The torture lasted 16 minutes. It went down, not in one minute as some scientists have said. It went down in 16 minutes,” Costantino said. “You can see it from the charts, from the [Automatic Identification System] tracking chart.”

The FT has verified that AIS data is consistent with Costantino’s timings, but it is not possible at this stage to confirm his belief about what may have happened during that period.

“The captain should have prepared the boat and put it in a state of alert and of safety, just like the boat [Sir Robert Baden Powell] anchored 350 metres away, which was built in 1957 and handled the [weather] event brilliantly,” said Costantino.

Karsten Borner, the skipper of that boat, described to reporters in Sicily how he turned on his engine and manoeuvred to control his vessel and avoid a collision with the Bayesian. He saw the Bayesian heel over and then lost sight of it, before spotting a red flare from the Bayesian’s life raft. He rescued the 15 survivors. 

Costantino said Cutfield, a 50-year-old New Zealander, “should have locked everything up. He should have gathered all passengers in the safe point. This is protocol. No one should have been in their cabin. [You should] turn on the engine, weigh [raise] anchor, [point the] bow to the wind and lower the keel. This would have added stability, safety and comfort.”  

It has not been confirmed by divers whether the Bayesian’s long retractable keel was in the safer, lowered position or raised to allow entry to shallow water.

According to ISG, when the boat’s keel is raised, the Bayesian can withstand an inclination of up to 73 degrees; when the keel is lowered, she can tilt by up to 88 degrees — a nearly flat position with the mast on the water — without capsizing.

But Costantino does not believe the position of the keel was the issue. He said that once it was clear the boat was taking on water — CCTV footage from the shore showed the lights going out, presumably when water reached the generators or the electrical panels, he said — there should have been time to get everyone off the boat and into the life rafts.

“Jesus Christ! The hull is intact. The water came in from [hatchways] left open. There is no other possible explanation. If manoeuvred properly, the boat would have comfortably handled the weather — comfortably,” he said.

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What Is Your Role on a Boat?

By: Zeke Quezada, ASA Charter , Learn To Sail

Your ASA sailing education will prepare you to be a skipper on a sailing vessel and with that comes the responsibility of keeping your crew safe and ensuring the safety of the vessel you are sailing.  You will also have a crew and responsibilities are spread among those on the boat with you.

What type of sailor are you and what role do you take on the boat?

The Roles on a Boat

When on a charter sailing vacation your group will share responsibilities. While the skipper and mate will take the lead on running the boat, many important tasks are available for the crew to handle. These roles can be rotated and the entire crew can become familiar with the complete operation of the vessel.

Assure the safety of the crew and the safety of the boat and to ensure that the way the boat is handled complies with all relevant rules and regulations.

Performs engine checks and routine inspections of systems.

Checks weather forecasts, plan sailing routes and courses, and monitors the boat’s position under way.

Steers the boat to the courses supplied by the navigator.

Supervises sail trim to suit the course being steered.

Dinghy Captain

Ensure the dinghy is clean, dry, inflated, fueled, and equipped with safety gear and that it’s properly secured at all times.

The Crew Responsibilities

The crew’s primary responsibility is to follow the skipper’s orders for the safe operation of the boat. Even if a crew is made up of family members, including children, the skipper needs to establish order for the sake of safety.

These Three Asa Certification Courses Will Prepare You to Take on Any Role on a Sailboat:

ASA 101 – Basic Keelboat Sailing will prepare you to skipper a sloop-rigged keelboat of approximately 20 to 27 feet in length by day in light to moderate winds (up to 15 knots) and sea conditions. Knowledge of basic sailing terminology, parts and functions, helm commands, basic sail trim, points of sail, buoyage, seamanship and safety including basic navigation rules to avoid collisions and hazards. Auxiliary power operation is not required.

ASA 103, Basic Coastal Cruising will prepare you to skipper a sloop-rigged auxiliary powered (inboard or outboard engine) keelboat of approximately 25 to 35 feet length by day in moderate winds (up to 20 knots) and sea conditions. Knowledge of cruising sailboat terminology, basic boat systems, auxiliary engine operation, docking procedures, intermediate sail trim, navigation rules, basic coastal navigation, anchoring, weather interpretation, safety and seamanship.

ASA 104, Bareboat Cruising covers 55 skills that must be completed to earn certification. In addition to being able to skipper a sloop-rigged, auxiliary powered keelboat of approximately 30 to 45 feet in length during a multi-day cruise upon inland or coastal waters in moderate to heavy winds (up to 30 knots) and sea conditions you will have knowledge of provisioning, galley operations, boat systems, auxiliary engine operation, routine maintenance procedures, advanced sail trim, coastal navigation including basic chart plotting and GPS operation, multiple-anchor mooring, docking, health & safety, emergency operations, weather interpretation, and dinghy/tender operation. 

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Sailing vessel, MMSI 235067311

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The current position of KARITA is at North Sea reported 8 days ago by AIS. The vessel is sailing at a speed of 4.8 knots. The vessel KARITA (MMSI 235067311) is a Sailing vessel and currently sailing under the flag of United Kingdom (UK) .

Position & Voyage Data

Map position & Weather

Recent port calls.

KARITA current position and history of port calls are received by AIS. Technical specifications, tonnages and management details are derived from VesselFinder database. The data is for informational purposes only and VesselFinder is not responsible for the accuracy and reliability of KARITA data.