yachting rules

• Yachting etiquette from A to Z

Like a social event, there are written and unwritten rules to follow on a boat and in the harbour. It doesn't matter if you're sailing with a group of friends, racing or a lone sea dog, everyone should know the basics of sailing etiquette. Do you know the basic rules and customs on a yacht?

General rules of sailing etiquette

Sailing, boating, yachting and all ways of navigating the waters have a very long tradition. Over this time, rules have evolved about how to behave on boats and in harbours. Most of these rules have a practical rationale to ensure a smooth and accident-free voyage, whilst others are rather ridiculous nowadays and stem from the superstition of ancient sailors venturing into the unknown. Still, some of these are worth heeding as well and you should never needlessly try the patience of Poseidon or Neptune.

In general, yachting etiquette can be divided into two main categories. The first is behaviour on board when sailing and the second is etiquette in port. Sub-topics include  observing the applicable rules of yachting , the correct placement and display of flags and greeting crews of passing yachts .

YACHTING.COM TIP: Before every voyage,  pay your respects to Neptune  by pouring a small amount of alcohol in the sea. Superstition though it may be, no one wants to antagonise the King of the Seas. Also, don't whistle on board. They say it disturbs the souls of dead sailors, who will retaliate with a foul wind. Do you know all the  patrons  who have protected sailors and seafarers for centuries?

How to behave on board when under sail

The first and most fundamental rule is that  the captain always has the final say . They are responsible not only for the boat and the smooth running of the voyage, but also for the whole crew. In addition, a yacht provides a relatively limited space in which a group of people must get along together. If a conflict arises, which is not uncommon in tense situations, the captain acts as the chief arbiter and conciliator.

Next, during the voyage, the crew should not stand on deck unless absolutely necessary. Either crew members are on deck as part of manoeuvres, sitting on deck, acting as a so-called 'live ballast' when the ship is heeling, or resting in the cabin. This rule is purely practical. A standing crew member could obstruct the helmsman's view of the boat and its course, and there is also a risk of losing balance and falling overboard.

An experienced crew should also never, as a matter of yachting etiquette, have fenders out of the boat along the sides or have ropes and lines dragging in the water. Aside from the fact that loose ropes and untidy fenders hinder the boat, it shows an ignorance of the basic rules of sailing that is an embarrassment to the crew.

YACHTING.COM TIP: A skipper's licence is required to operate a boat at sea. Unfortunately, unlike a driving licence, there are several options — how do you choose the right one? If offshore sailing appeals to you, try our  Academy where you can get a  C skipper's licence  or a  Royal Yachting Association RYA licence .

How to behave in port

There are two main areas of yachting etiquette in the harbour. One is the arrival of a sailboat or ship into the harbour and the other is behaviour on the moored ship and ashore. This is where you need to be well versed in yachting etiquette, as the eyes of experienced seafarers will be watching you and they will be able to tell at a glance how experienced and knowledgeable your crew is. There are many rules, but above all — consideration for others is fundamental. Never get in anyone's way and only do what you wouldn't mind from others.

The boat should always be in top condition when in port. This means a tidy deck ,  properly packed sails and furled lines, and an overall orderly appearance. Different shoes should be worn on deck than ashore, or at least shoes with white soles and only after checking that there are no stones stuck there that could scratch the boat.

Yachting etiquette in port also includes camaraderie and empathy . No one will like a crew that is unhelpful to others in distress, loud late into the night, disrespectful of marina rules and regulations, disrespectful of service, and otherwise out of step with other customs, including local ones.

Sailing flags, greetings and other wisdom

Not only should an experienced crew know how to behave during a voyage and in port, they should also understand other written and unwritten customs. It certainly pays to know the flag alphabet and the location of yachting flags. A yacht should always carry the national flag of the country where it is sailing, the flag of its country and possibly the flag of its yacht club. For each type of boat, the placement of the flags varies. Generally, however, the national flag is placed at the stern mast, the courtesy flag goes under the starboard spreader or from the leech with the placement of the club flag being relatively arbitrary.

Sailors use specific jargon which is true in greetings, where there are two common ways. On smaller boats, helmsmen greet each other with a shout of  "Ahoy" , while on larger boats a raised hand is sufficient. In both variations, it is always the helmsmen and never the crews who are saluted.

If you get your sailing clothes wet during the voyage or need to change your clothes in port, they can be dried on the line, rails or boom on the boat. However, it is essential to stow all laundry on board before setting sail.

There are many other rules and customs associated with yachting etiquette, but you should always know the basics first.

YACHTING.COM TIP: Ethics  – a theoretical science and doctrine that summarises a set of rules for proper conduct Etiquette  – a code that specifies written and unwritten rules of conduct and social customs within a particular group of people or community (family, state, interest group) A final piece of advice   – if you are unsure about anything, ask the skipper.

Despite all the rules, a holiday on a boat is an incredible experience. I will be happy to help you arrange it.

Denisa Nguyenová

The Ultimate Guide to Yacht Racing Rules and Regulations

• by yachtman
• September 6, 2023 June 22, 2024

Yacht racing is an exciting sport! It requires skill, accuracy, and knowledge of rules . These regulations guarantee fair play and safety. To really appreciate the activity, you must understand the regulations.

At first, navigating the rules may seem intimidating. But breaking them down into chunks makes it easier. One important point is the hierarchy between boats. It shows which boat should give way in different situations.

It’s also important to know the race signals. They communicate crucial info, such as race starts and course changes. Participants and spectators need to know these.

Stay updated on any rule changes or amendments issued by World Sailing . They refine existing regulations and add new ones to improve the sport. Knowing the latest rules will give you confidence.

Finally, read case studies of past incidents/disputes during yacht races. This way you can learn from mistakes and be ready for unexpected situations.

Understanding the Basic Rules of Yacht Racing

Understanding the Fundamental Regulations of Yacht Racing

Yacht racing involves a set of basic rules and regulations that govern the competition. These rules are essential for ensuring fair play and safety on the water. To help you understand the fundamental regulations of yacht racing, here is a beginner’s guide to yacht racing :

• Start Line Procedure: Before the race begins, all yachts must line up at the designated starting line. This line is typically marked by buoys or flags, and competitors must position themselves according to the rules specified by the race committee.
• Right of Way: Yacht racing follows a set of right-of-way rules that determine which yacht has precedence in certain situations. For example, a yacht on a starboard tack (wind coming from the right side) usually has right of way over a yacht on a port tack (wind coming from the left side).
• Mark Roundings: Yacht courses often include marks, such as buoys or flags, that competitors must round during the race. The rules specify how yachts should approach and pass these marks to ensure fair competition and prevent collisions.
• Protests and Penalties: If a competitor believes that another yacht has violated the rules, they can file a protest with the race committee. The committee will then investigate the incident and may impose penalties on the offending yacht if the protest is upheld.
• Finishing Line: The race concludes at the finishing line, which is typically marked by buoys or flags. Yachts must pass this line in the correct direction and often have to radio or signal their finish time to the race committee.

These steps outline the key elements of understanding the fundamental regulations of yacht racing. It’s important to familiarize yourself with these rules to ensure a safe and fair competition.

Pro Tip: Before participating in a yacht race, take the time to thoroughly study and understand the specific rules and regulations for that event. This will help you navigate the race effectively and avoid unnecessary penalties.

Get ready to navigate through a sea of confusing jargon as we dive into the essential terminology of yacht racing – it’s like learning a new language, but with more wind in your sails.

Essential Terminology in Yacht Racing

Yacht racing requires a unique language to be mastered by all sailors. Knowing these terms is essential for successful communication and cooperation during races.

Check out some of the key vocab words used in yacht racing:

Plus, other crucial terms like “luffing” (sail fluttering due to lack of wind), “tiller” (lever for steering boat) and “hull speed” (maximum speed a boat can reach in water).

Pro Tip: Get to know these essential yacht racing terms to up your enjoyment of this exciting sport!

Key Rules and Regulations for Yacht Racing

Yacht Racing: A Comprehensive Guide to Rules and Regulations

The rules and regulations governing yacht racing are crucial for ensuring fair and competitive events. Understanding these guidelines is essential for both participants and organizers to guarantee a level playing field and maintain the integrity of the sport. Below, we have compiled a table highlighting key rules and regulations for yacht racing in an easily accessible format.

Key Rules and Regulations for Yacht Racing:

These rules and regulations provide a framework that allows for fair competition and keeps participants safe. However, it is important to note that each race may have additional guidelines specific to the event or location, and participants should familiarize themselves with these unique details.

One such incident in the world of yacht racing involved a team that, due to a technical malfunction, found themselves adrift just moments after the race had begun. With quick thinking and teamwork, they managed to rectify the issue, rejoin the race, and ultimately finished in an impressive third place. This story illustrates the resilience and determination required in yacht racing, where unforeseen challenges can arise at any moment.

Yacht racing rules and regulations are comprehensive and necessary for maintaining fairness and safety. By adhering to these guidelines and being prepared for unexpected circumstances, participants can fully engage in the thrilling and competitive world of yacht racing.

Navigating through the racing course is like playing chess, except the pieces are yachts and the stakes are higher – imagine the drama when someone accidentally knocks over the queen!

Racing Course and Markings

Ahoy, mateys! Hop on board for a wild race on the high seas! It’s time to learn about the racing course : a carefully crafted area for a thrilling competition . Keep your eyes peeled for the start line – it marks the beginning of the race. Then, look out for the turn marks ; these designated points show where sailors must change direction. Finally, the finish line indicates the end of the race.

If ye want to be the best sailor, ye must understand these course and marking details. It’s essential for a successful yacht racing experience, so don’t miss out! Time to set sail and make your mark in the world of yacht racing.

Right of Way and Collision Avoidance

In yacht racing, we must pay close attention to the right of way and collision avoidance. Following specific rules and regulations is key to ensuring a fair race and preventing accidents.

Let’s look at the key rules related to right of way and collision avoidance in yacht racing:

These rules are just the beginning of the comprehensive regulations. Now, let’s look at a unique detail. In some cases, when two yachts on different tacks approach a mark, they may have equal rights. It’s important for skippers to communicate and coordinate to avoid possible collisions.

To show the importance of following these rules, here’s a story. During a competitive race, two yachts were nearing a turning point. The skipper of one boat did not yield the right of way, which violated rule number 10. Both boats were damaged and their chances of winning were ruined. This serves as a reminder that even small errors can have big consequences in yacht racing.

Starting and Finishing Procedures

Before the yacht race, boats must gather in the starting area. Skippers must steer clear of any collisions or rule-breaking.

Next comes the starting sequence – with flags or sound signals showing the time until the race starts. Skippers must pay close attention to them.

Once the final signal is given, the yachts race across the start line. Skippers must judge their entry properly to get an advantage and stay within the racing rules.

At the end of the race, the finish line is reached. Skippers should navigate and strategize here to cross it fast while following regulations.

Each race may have different start and finish procedures. Participants must read instructions from race organizers to stick to all rules.

The America’s Cup is one of the oldest sailing competitions. It began in 1851 around the Isle of Wight. It’s a big international event now, with teams competing every few years for the trophy.

Safety Guidelines for Yacht Racing

Safety Measures for Yacht Racing

Yacht racing events prioritize the safety of participants to prevent accidents and mishaps. Here are essential safety guidelines for yacht racing:

• Adhere to proper safety equipment regulations, including life jackets and distress signaling devices.
• Ensure all crew members are familiar with emergency procedures and know the location of safety equipment on the yacht.
• Maintain clear communication channels, using appropriate radio frequencies or signals during the race.
• Regularly inspect and maintain all equipment on board to ensure it is in proper working condition.
• Monitor weather conditions and take necessary precautions, such as altering course or seeking shelter in case of inclement weather.
• Adhere to collision-avoidance rules, maintaining a safe distance from other yachts and objects in the water.

It is important to stay up to date with the latest safety guidelines and regulations in the yacht racing community to ensure the well-being of all participants.

Yacht Racing Safety History:

Throughout the history of yacht racing, safety measures have evolved to enhance participant protection. Collaborations with maritime organizations and advances in technology have led to the development of comprehensive safety regulations and equipment. The efforts have significantly reduced the number of accidents and increased the safety of yacht racing as a sport.

Yacht racing may be a high-stakes sport, but remember, not everyone can pull off the bold fashion statement that is a life jacket.

Personal Safety Equipment

To ensure success in yacht races, it’s important to prioritize safety! All sailors should wear a well-fitted life jacket at all times to provide buoyancy aid. Personal locator beacons transmit distress signals if someone falls overboard. A harness with a tether will keep sailors attached to the boat. Protective clothing, such as gloves, boots and waterproof gear, guards against hypothermia and injuries. Reliable communication devices are necessary for crew members to stay in touch. Also, inspect all safety equipment regularly.

To further enhance safety, organizers can do regular safety drills. Employing support vessels is key for immediate response. Establishing clear communication protocols allows for effective coordination. By following these suggestions, yacht racers can reduce risks and maximize safety levels. Safety equipment and measures are essential elements for successful yacht races!

Safety Precautions on the Water

Yacht racing can be thrilling – but don’t forget to stay safe! Here are some essential tips:

• Always wear a life jacket : No matter how experienced you are, you can never be too careful.
• Check weather conditions: Sudden storms or high winds can make racing conditions dangerous.
• Create a communication plan: Make sure everyone in your crew is informed of any hazards or changes in course.

Plus, don’t forget to research local rules and regulations. Safety should always come first! So, gear up and get ready for a thrilling experience on the water. Enjoy the fun and camaraderie of yacht racing – just remember to stay safe!

Common Penalties and Protest Procedures

Yacht racing penalties and protest procedures involve various rules and regulations that must be followed. To ensure fair competition and resolve any disputes, there are consequences for violations. Here is a breakdown of the common penalties and the procedures for lodging a protest:

It’s important to note that each yacht race may have its specific procedures and penalties, so it’s crucial for participants to familiarize themselves with the rules beforehand. This ensures a fair and competitive environment for all racers.

Understanding the common penalties and protest procedures is vital for yacht racers to navigate the intricacies of the sport. By abiding by the rules and properly addressing any issues through the protest process, participants can ensure a level playing field, maintaining the integrity and fairness of yacht racing.

Don’t miss out on the opportunity to compete fairly and enjoy the thrilling experience of yacht racing. Familiarize yourself with the penalties and procedures to avoid any confusion or missed chances. Stay informed and make the most of your yacht racing journey.

“Being disqualified in yacht racing is like being told you’ve won the lottery, but then realizing it’s April Fool’s Day.”

Types of Penalties in Yacht Racing

Penalties in yacht racing are necessary to ensure fairness and compliance with the rules. These penalties act as a deterrent against any wrongdoings or rule-breaking, keeping the sport’s integrity intact.

A descriptive table can help us understand the various types of penalties in yacht racing:

These penalties have serious consequences, which act as a warning to sailors not to take any unfair advantages or act dangerously. Knowing these penalties is essential for competing in yacht racing.

Penalties have been part of yacht racing since the beginning. They were put in place to maintain order in races and create a fair playing field. Over time, these penalties have been adapted to fit the changing dynamics of the sport.

A good grasp of the penalties in yacht racing helps competitors perform better on the water. It also promotes sportsmanship and upholds the spirit of fair play in this exciting discipline.

Initiating and Resolving Protests

• Pinpoint the issue .
• Be sure it follows the rules.
• Gather data, facts, and material.
• Create a clear and concise statement.
• Submit the complaint to the right body.
• Talk to the parties.
• Look for a fair outcome through negotiation or mediation.
• Pay attention to deadlines.
• Respect protocols.
• Take charge and protect your rights.
• Act now and make sure your voice is heard!

Strategies and Tactics in Yacht Racing

Strategies and tactics are vital in the world of yacht racing. Understanding the nuances of this sport can make a significant difference in performance. Here, we explore some essential strategies and tactics employed by skilled yacht racers.

In yacht racing, there are unique details to consider, such as utilizing current knowledge to select the best racing route. Additionally, understanding the impact of tidal flows and currents can help racers make more informed decisions during a race.

To become a successful yacht racer, it is crucial to study and practice these strategies and tactics diligently. By mastering these techniques, one can maximize their chances of success and stay ahead of the competition.

Don’t miss out on the opportunity to excel in yacht racing. Enhance your skills by incorporating these strategies and tactics into your training regimen. Start implementing them today and take a step closer to becoming a champion on the water.

Positioning and Sail Trim Techniques: Where you’re positioned on the yacht may determine if you’re the first to cross the finish line or the first to take an unexpected dip in the water.

Positioning and Sail Trim Techniques

Table of Positioning & Sail Trim Techniques:

Plus, spinnaker handling has methods like gybing – shifting the spinnaker from one side to the other when sailing downwind. Helm balance is critical to good steering during racing.

Sir Ben Ainslie , a great sailor, said mastering positioning and sail trim techniques is the difference between successful racers and those who have difficulty competing in yacht racing events.

Reading Wind and Weather Conditions

Wind and weather conditions are essential for yacht racing. They let sailors make wise decisions, plan well, and have an edge. Here’s what to know about understanding these conditions:

• Observation – Skilled sailors look closely at wind direction, strength, and patterns. They keep an eye on clouds, waves, and temperature changes. By doing this, they can predict future weather shifts.
• Analyzing – Racers check forecasts, barometric readings, and sea temps. They combine this with their observations to get a clear picture of present and future winds.
• Adaptability – Successful sailors change their strategies with the changing conditions. They often reassess their tactics during the race, to take advantage of good winds or limit bad weather.

Yacht racers also think about local geography, tidal currents, and nearby landforms. This helps them sail complex courses accurately.

Sarah, a seasoned sailor , showed her skill in reading wind and weather conditions. Though she started in a difficult spot due to unfavorable winds, she noticed slight changes in the breeze. She used this knowledge to take risks while maneuvering her boat. Making smart decisions based on changing conditions, Sarah won in speed and tactics.

Reading wind and weather conditions is essential for yacht racers. With keen observation, data analysis, and flexibility, sailors can do well on the water. So, if you’re joining a regatta or a sailing trip, mastering this art is important for success.

Resources and Additional Information

The following section provides additional resources and information related to yacht racing rules and regulations. These resources can be helpful for further understanding and clarifying the various aspects of the sport.

• Visit reputable online platforms such as yacht racing associations, federations, and governing bodies for comprehensive rules and regulations.
• Explore websites that provide educational materials, instructional videos, and interactive tools to enhance your knowledge.
• Delve into specialized publications authored by renowned sailors, coaches, and officials. These books cover a wide range of topics, including racing tactics, strategies, and the intricacies of specific rules.
• Engage with fellow enthusiasts, experienced sailors, and professionals on sailing forums and online communities. These platforms offer valuable insights, practical tips, and discussions on various rules and racing scenarios.

It is essential to stay updated with the latest developments and amendments in the rules to ensure compliance and maintain fair competition. Continuously seek new sources of information to enhance your understanding of yacht racing regulations and improve your performance on the water.

Yacht racing rules and regulations have evolved over time to ensure fairness and safety in the sport. The sport’s history is replete with instances of rule modifications and adaptations to address emerging challenges and technological advancements. A testament to the sailing community’s commitment to maintaining a level playing field and promoting the spirit of competition.

Get ready to navigate through a sea of paperwork and bureaucracy as we dive into the world of associations and governing bodies where bold sailors become masters of red tape.

Associations and Governing Bodies

Associations and Governing Bodies are vital for managing various industries. We present an overview of some important associations and governing bodies relevant to distinct sectors. To make it easier to understand, let’s list out the information in a table:

This table shows some examples of associations and governing bodies from many areas. Each association has a major role in setting up standards, creating rules, and promoting collaboration within its industry.

It’s worth noting that there are other associations and governing bodies in other places, each doing their part to foster growth and uphold ethical practices. These organizations often provide materials such as industry-particular research, networking chances, and professional growth programs.

Pro Tip: To stay up to date with the most recent developments in your field, participate actively in related associations or governing bodies. This can help you stay ahead and build valuable connections within your sector.

Recommended Reading and Online Sources

Unlock helpful resources to boost your knowledge! Try these ideas:

• Read up on industry news with Harvard Business Review .
• Learn new skills with Coursera or Udemy courses.
• Check out free materials from universities like MIT OpenCourseWare .
• Listen to inspiring TED Talks .
• Get answers in online forums and communities like Stack Overflow .

Go deeper with niche topics. Try IEEE Xplore or JSTOR databases for in-depth research. Master tough concepts with interactive learning platforms like Khan Academy .

Pro Tip: Don’t just consume info, engage with it. Take notes, join discussions, and apply what you learn.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is yacht racing?

Yacht racing is a competitive sport where sailboats or yachts compete against each other in a designated course to determine the fastest or most skillful boat.

What are the basic rules of yacht racing?

The basic rules of yacht racing include giving way to other boats, avoiding collisions, understanding right of way, and following course boundaries. Each race may also have specific rules and regulations.

How are yacht racing courses determined?

Yacht racing courses are determined by race organizers and can vary depending on the type of race and the location. Courses typically include marks, buoys, or specific geographic points that boats must navigate around.

What is the role of a race committee in yacht racing?

The race committee is responsible for organizing and overseeing yacht races. They set the course, establish starting and finishing lines, enforce rules, and ensure fair competition.

Do yacht racing rules change for different types of boats?

Yes, yacht racing rules can vary slightly depending on the class or type of boat. Different classes may have specific regulations regarding sail dimensions, equipment, or crew size.

How can I learn more about yacht racing rules and regulations?

To learn more about yacht racing rules and regulations, you can refer to official rulebooks such as the Racing Rules of Sailing published by World Sailing. You can also seek guidance from experienced sailors or enroll in sailing courses.

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August 2024

In the August 2024 issue of Yachting World magazine: News Few finish a tempestuous Round The Island Race European rules are eased for cruising to France and Greece Olympic sailing…

• Yachting World
• Digital Edition

How to use the racing rules of sailing

• August 18, 2022

How to stay out of trouble use the racing rules of sailing to your advantage and handle a protest if you find yourself in one: rules advisor and umpire Bill O’Hara talks to Andy Rice

When working as a rules adviser, Bill O’Hara’s job with his sailors is to make sure they understand the rules well enough to stay out of the protest room. But if they do find themselves heading for the room, to understand how best to present their case.

O’Hara comments: “Mostly on the water it’s a live-and-let-live culture. You tend to see very few protests most of the time, until you reach the day when it’s trying to make it into a gold fleet, or at the Olympic Games where there’s so much on the line. Then everything changes dramatically at those critical moments and the protests begin.”

O’Hara’s advice is to test your rules knowledge and your protest technique long before the serious championship. Unlike the top end of the sport, which benefits from the attention of on-the-water umpires and instant decisions (and penalties) on the race course, the majority of us still have to navigate the Racing Rules of Sailing on our own. And face the consequences in the protest room if an incident can’t be resolved with a penalty on the water.

Here are Bill’s five tips for staying safe and getting through the racecourse and protest room with the minimum of risk to your results on the scoreboard.

Avoid collisions

It might sound obvious, but avoid collisions, especially in keelboats. Once you have a collision there’s going to be a protest, most likely damage, everyone gets upset and someone has to be disqualified.

There’s a feeling among some sailors that you’re not going to make a protest stick unless there’s contact, so they’re tempted to go for a gentle tap on the other boat. The problem is you end up risking going into the room and if it’s proven you could have avoided a collision, you could end up being disqualified as well. So best to avoid contact at all costs.

The Rolex Fastnet Race fleet streaming out of the Solent: French crews will now be able to touch land before the start © Kurt Arrigo/Rolex

Communicate clearly

The only hails in the Rule Book are ‘Protest!’, ‘Room to tack!’ and ‘You tack!’. ‘Starboard!’ and many other hails that sailors use don’t mean anything in a protest room. But my advice is to always be very clear with the boats around you about your intentions. ‘You’re overlapped.’ ‘You’re not overlapped’. ‘You have room’. ‘You don’t have room’. There is a much smaller chance of a collision if everyone speaks to each other, and so good communication with your competitors means you’re less likely to end up in the protest room.

Understand the course hot spots

Mark roundings and the start are where most incidents occur, particularly the committee boat end of the start line where you see boats trying to push into gaps that aren’t there. People get confused about the difference in the rules between a mark rounding or an obstruction, where you can call room on a boat to leeward. But that’s not the case in a starting situation.

If you push into a small gap between two or more boats, then you’re putting yourself at risk of failing to keep clear of the boat to leeward. If you’re the boat to windward, the key thing is to close the gap early and decisively, so the guy trying to come in knows there’s 100% no way he’s getting in there.

Approaching a downwind mark you can be right-of-way boat on starboard versus a port boat but the moment you hit the three-boatlength zone and the port-tack boat becomes the inside boat at the mark, he’s now got rights on you. Understanding that the rights pass from you to another boat the moment you hit the zone can be hard to get your head around in the heat of the moment.

Mark roundings are a key moment of potential trouble. Photo: Sailing Energy / World Sailing

Use your witness wisely

Bringing a witness into the protest room can be very helpful to your cause, but only if what they say brings support to your case. I’ve seen plenty of times when a witness has actually harmed the argument that the protesting sailor is bringing to the table, so find out what the witness is likely to say before you bring them into the room.

People these days quite often bring in video evidence but it rarely tells the whole story, and the angle the video captures often doesn’t show you the gaps and distances accurately, so it’s of limited use. The same goes for evidence from GPS tracking. Apart from establishing that the boats were in the vicinity at the time of the incident, it’s little more use than that.

Identify the key fact

If you do end up in the protest room, be polite. There’s no point in getting angry. Make your case calmly, and identify the key fact in the incident. The jury is going to listen to evidence, determine the facts of what they think happened. Based on those facts found, they’ll make a decision, and there’s always what I call one key fact. It’s usually to do with room at a mark, or time and opportunity to keep clear, and so on. Identify that key fact and think like the jury. A good way to practise that is to sit on a protest committee at your local club. See how things look and sound from the other side of the table.

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Navigation Rules | ATONS

The navigation rules for vessels establish actions for boaters to take to avoid a collision. the navigation rules are published by the u. s. government printing office, and are available in any boating supply store. every boat owner should have a copy, but it is mandatory that a copy be kept aboard all vessels over 12 meters (39.4 feet) in length..

Knowing a few simple rules will help you stay safe on the water. Since there are so many different types of boats, boating activities and styles of boating, it is important to know what to expect when you come upon another vessel and what your obligations are. The term "vessel" includes anything that floats on the water that is used, or is capable of being used as a means of transportation on water. Therefore practically everything you encounter on the water is considered a vessel and as such, must know, understand and abide by the Navigation Rules. The Navigation Rules cover steering rules akin to rules of the road, sound signaling equipment and requirements, and a section on navigation lights.

Proper and safe on-water navigation has many facets. Entire books and courses are offered on this very topic. Only the basics are presented here. To learn more take the free, online BoatUS Boating Safety Course . The most basic scenario when meeting another boat is usually going to be one of the following: a crossing situation, a head-on situation, or an overtaking situation.

Crossing Situation

Meeting Head-On

Overtaking Situation

The responsibilities of a boat operator are many. Basic knowledge is just that. You should strive to know all the requirements expected of boaters, including what to do when you encounter commercial vessels, vessels engages in fishing and diving and law enforcement personnel. At an absolute minimum, you should always have a proper lookout, operate at a safe speed and yield or give-way to another vessel when in doubt and to always avoid a collision, even if that means breaking a Navigation Rule to save lives and property damage.

Aids to Navigation

Unlike the roads and highways that we drive on, the waterways we go boating on do not have road signs that tell us our location, the route or distance to a destination, or of hazards along the way. Instead, the waterways have Aids To Navigation (or ATONs), which are all of those man-made objects used by mariners to determine position or a safe course. These marks are also indicated on your chart.

The term "aids to navigation" includes buoys, day beacons, lights, lightships, lighthouses, radio beacons, fog signals, marks and other devices used to provide "street" signs on the water. Aids to navigation include all the visible, audible and electronic symbols that are established by government and private authorities for piloting purposes. To help you understand what these mean, the basics are presented here.

Port Side Odd Numbered Aids

These Nav Aids are numbered with odd numbers, are green in color, and may be lighted (will have a green light). Port side marks are located on the left side of the waterway as you travel upstream, and the buoy numbers will increase as you head upstream. (Chart depictions are shown next to the marks) Port-Side Buoys have a cylindrical above-water appearance, like a can or drum floating on its axis. Commonly referred to as "CAN" buoys. Beacons - Port side beacons have square marks attached to them, with two shades of color and a reflective border.

Starboard Side Even Numbered Aids

Starboard aids are red in color, evenly numbered , and will be on your right side as you travel upstream. Buoy numbers increase as you head upstream, and may have a red light. Starboard-side Buoys have an above-water appearance like that of a cylinder topped with a cone, pointed end up. The cone may come to a point or be slightly rounded and are commonly referred to as "NUN" buoys. Starboard-side Beacons have triangular marks attached to them, with two shades of color and a reflective border.

Regulatory Marks and Other Aids

Regulatory marks are designed to assist boaters by informing them of special restrictions or dangers that they are approaching. Regulatory marks are white "can" buoys that have an orange shape on them. The mark will give either a warning or instructions on how to proceed. The shape determines what type of mark it is.

• A square or rectangular shape is used for conveying instructions.
• An open diamond shape signifies danger.
• A diamond with a cross in it signifies an exclusion area that you may not enter.
• A circle indicates an upcoming operating restriction, such as a speed limit.

State Boating Laws, Rules & Requirements

Find Boating Resources in Your State

Boating rules, laws and regulations vary from state to state. Use our interactive map to find everything you need to know about boating safety, life jacket requirements, minimum age necessary to operate a boat or personal watercraft (PWC) , trailer registration requirements , and other educational resources. Just click on your state to get started.

Also be sure to use the  Color-Coded Key below to understand boating license and safety certificate requirements for your state.

Last Updated: July 8, 2021

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State-by-State Boating Rules and Regulations

*To make updates on your state's information, state officials should contact Emma Boone , Director, NMMA Digital Communications.

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Must-have boating license.
• Life Jacket Requirements: 8 and under must wear a PFD.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: 12 years old or older to operate any type vessel. 12 and 13 years olds must have someone 21 years old or older, who is a licensed operator, on board and within reach of the controls. 14 years old or older to operate alone.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 12 years old or older to operate any type vessel. 12 and 13 years olds must have someone 21 years old or older, who is a licensed operator, on board and within reach of the controls. 14 years old or older to operate alone. 
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers are not registered in Alabama.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Alabama, visit the Alabama Law Enforcement Agency . 

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: No mandatory boat or water safety course educational requirements.
• Life Jacket Requirements: 13 and under must wear a PFD.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: No age requirement.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): No age requirement.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers must be registered.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Alaska, visit the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Office of Boating Safety .

• Life Jacket Requirements: 12 and under must wear a PFD.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: It is illegal for a person under the age of 12 to operate a vessel with a motor greater than 8 hp. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Arizona law states that it is illegal for a person under the age of 12 to operate a vessel with a motor greater than 8 hp.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Non-commercial trailers with a declared gross vehicle weight (GVW) of 10,000 lbs or less.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Arizona, visit Arizona Game & Fish .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Mandatory boating safety education law that applies to some operators of boats and/or personal watercraft. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: To operate a motorboat powered by 10hp or more: A person under 12 must have a Boat Ed (BE) certification and be under direct visible and audible supervision of a parent, guardian or person over 17 years. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 14 years or older to operate by themselves as long as they are Boat Ed certified. Persons 12 or 13 years must have BE and have a person at least 18years on board. Under 12 must have BE and have a person at least 21years on board and in a position to take immediate control of the PWC. 
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: All boat trailers and travel trailers drawn by any truck.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Arkansas, visit the Arkansas Game & Fish Commission .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: California Vessel Operator Card (CVOC) required to operate a vessel.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: Must be 16 or older to operate a motorboat of 15 hp or greater if unsupervised. Those 12-15 years of age may operate under supervision of a person 18 or older who is on board. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Must be 16 or older to operate a motorboat of 15 hp or greater if unsupervised. Those 12-15 years of age may operate under supervision of a person 18 or older who is on board. 
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Those with boats and trailers are encouraged to call the California DMV to determine if registration is needed.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in California, visit the California Department of Parks & Recreation .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Mandatory boating education law that applies to some operators of boats and/or personal watercraft. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: A person 14 years of age or older, who is less than 16 years of age, may operate a motorboat only if he or she completes a boating safety course.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): A person 14 years of age or older, who is less than 16 years of age, may operate a motorboat only if he or she completes a boating safety course.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers must be titled and registered.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Colorado, visit Colorado Parks & Wildlife .

Connecticut

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Persons must obtain a 'Safe Boating Certificate' or a 'Certificate of Personal Watercraft Operation'.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: 12 years old can operate up to 10 hp alone 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 16 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Connecticut, visit the Connecticut Department of Energy & Environment Protection .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Mandatory boat education law that applies to some operators of boats and/or personal watercraft.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 14 to 16 with adult on board with boating class, 16 with a boating class.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Delaware, visit the Delaware Department of Natural Resources & Environmental Control .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: All Florida residents born after January 1, 1988 who operate powered watercraft 10 hp or greater must carry a Florida Boating Safety Education Identification Card.
• Life Jacket Requirements: 6 and under must wear a PFD.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Operators of personal watercraft must be at least 14 years of age. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Florida, visit the Florida Fish & Wildlife Conservation Commission .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: All operators born after January 1, 1998 must have passed a boater education course approved by the Department of Natural Resources and have card on board to operate any vessel.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: 12 years of age.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 12 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Georgia, visit the Georgia Department of Natural Resources .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: All individuals who operate a motorized vessel, greater than 10 hp must have taken a boating safety course and show proof of certification.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 15 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Hawaii, visit the Department of Land & Natural Resources, Division of Boating & Ocean Recreation .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: No mandatory boater safety class educational requirements. However, state has boating law that applies to some operators of boats and/or personal watercraft.
• Life Jacket Requirements: 14 and under must wear a PFD.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Idaho, visit the Idaho Department of Parks & Recreation .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Valid Boating Safety Certificate issued by the Department of Natural Resources or an entity or organization recognized and approved by the Department is required.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Illinois, visit the Illinois Department of Natural Resources .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: Operator must be 15 years old and meet ID and education requirements or 16 years old or older with a valid motor vehicle drivers license to operate a motorboat with a motor greater than 10 hp.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Operator must be 15 years old and meet ID and education requirements or 16 years old or older with a valid motor vehicle drivers license to operate a motorboat with a motor greater than 10 hp.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Indiana, visit the Indiana Department of Natural Resources .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: Minimum age 12 to operate vessel over 10 hp. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Those under age 12 must be accompanied by an adult. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Iowa, visit the Iowa Department of Natural Resources .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: 12 years of age for any vessel. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 12 years of age for any vessel. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Kansas, visit Kansas Wildlife, Parks & Tourism .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: Must be 12 years or old to operate 10 hp or greater. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 12 years of age. 
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers must be titled, but not registered.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Kentucky, visit the Kentucky Department of Fish & Wildlife Resources .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: All persons born after January 1, 1984, must complete a boating education course and carry proof of completion to operate a motorboat in excess of 10 hp.
• Life Jacket Requirements: 16 and under must wear a PFD.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 16 years with a boating certificate.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers must be registered and plated.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Louisiana, visit the Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: No mandatory boating education requirements.
• Life Jacket Requirements: 10 and under must wear a PFD.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel: When operating a motorboat with more than 10 hp, a person under age 12 must be under immediate supervision of person in boat who is at least 16.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): A person under age 16 may not operate a PWC. A person between 16 & 18 years of age may operate a PWC if they have successfully completed an approved education course, or if they are accompanied by a person 18 years or older. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Maine, visit the Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  When operating a towing vessel (water skiing, etc.), the operator and observer must be at least 12 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Maryland, visit the Maryland Department of Natural Resources .

Massachusetts

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Operators required to have passed a state-approved boating education course must have the Boating Safety Certificate on board and available for inspection by an enforcement officer whenever the vessel is operated.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  12 years of age with direct supervision from an adult 18 years of age.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers must be registered and depending on the weight, may need to be titled.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Massachusetts, visit the Massachusetts Boating Law Summary .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Those born on or after July 1, 1996, may operate a boat legally only if they have been issued a boating safety certificate and have it on board the boat. Those born before July 1, 1996, may operate a boat legally without restrictions.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  No age requirement.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 14 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Michigan, visit the Michigan Department of Natural Resources .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  Must be at least 12 years of age to operate motors over 25 hp and must be certified.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 13 years of age.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Trailers that have 3,000 lbs of gross vehicle weight or under must be registered.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Minnesota, visit the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources .

Mississippi

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Any person born after June 30, 1980 must complete a Boating Safety Course to operate a boat.  Persons under 12 years of age must be accompanied by a person 21 or older on board the boat in order to operate the boat.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  At least 12 years of age and completed an approved boating safety course.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): At least 12 years of age and completed an approved boating safety course. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Mississippi, visit the Mississippi Department of Marine Resources .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: All persons born after January 1, 1984, who operate any vessel on the lakes of the State of Missouri must have on board a boating safety identification card issued by the Missouri State Highway Patrol (MSHP) and a photo I.D.
• Life Jacket Requirements: 7 and under must wear a PFD.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 14 years of age unless under the direct, onboard supervision of a parent, guardian, or other person 16 years of age or older. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Missouri, visit the Missouri State Highway Patrol .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  For motorboats over 10 hp: 0-12 must be accompanied by and adult, 13-14 must have certificate or be accompanied by adult, 15+ no requirements. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): For PWC over 10 hp: 0-12 must be accompanied by and adult, 13-14 must have certificate or be accompanied by adult, 15+ no requirements. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Montana, visit Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  14 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Nebraska, visit Nebraska Game & Parks .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Persons born on or after January 1, 1983 will need to have completed a boating education course to operate a motorboat of more than 15 hp on Nevada’s interstate waters.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Nevada, visit the Nevada Department of Wildlife .

New Hampshire

• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): If ski craft a minimum of 16 years of age, if PWC must be accompanied by an adult until 16 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in New Hampshire, visit the New Hampshire Department of Safety .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  13-15 years of age if vessel powered by electric motor, or if vessel is 12' or greater with engine/engines of less than 10 total hp. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 16 years of age and must possess a boating safety certificate.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Trailers weighing less than 2,500 lbs must be registered.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in New Jersey, visit the New Jersey Department of Law & Public Safety, Marine Services Bureau.

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  13 years of age.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers must be registered. Some trailers may also need a weight certificate.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in New Mexico, visit the New Mexico Department of Game & Fish .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  10 to 18 years of age must have a boating safety certificate to operate alone.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 14 years and older only if they have a boating safety certificate.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in New York, visit the New York State Parks, Recreation & Historic Preservation .

North Carolina

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Residents born after January 1, 1988 who operate powered watercraft 10 hp or greater, to have completed a NASBLA approved boating safety course.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): No one under 14 years of age may operate a PWC. Persons 14 years old up to 16 years of age may operate if they are accompanied by an adult 18 or older or have a certificate of competency from a NASBLA approved boating education course and some form of ID.  

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in North Carolina, visit the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission .

North Dakota

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  Minor 12-15 years of age must be state certified to operate over a 10 hp boat without an adult on board. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Minor 12-15 years of age must be state certified to operate over a 10 hp boat without an adult on board. 
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers are not registered in North Dakota.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in North Dakota, visit the North Dakota Game & Fish Department .

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Ohio, visit the Ohio Department of Natural Resources .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  No person less than 12 years of age may operate any vessel powered by a motor or combination of motors in excess of 10 hp or sail-powered vessel 16 feet or greater in length. A person from 12 to less than 16 years of age may operate such vessels only after successfully completing a NASBLA approved boating education course and if operating a motorboat or sail-powered vessel, must have a competent adult, 18 years of age or older, on board in a position to take control of the vessel if necessary. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): No person less than 12 years of age may operate any PWC. A person from 12 to less than 16 years of age may operate a PWC only after successfully completing a NASBLA approved boating education course and must be visually supervised within 500 yards by a competent adult 18 years of age or older. 
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers are not registered in Oklahoma.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Oklahoma, visit the Oklahoma Department of Public Safety .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  16 years of age.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 16 years of age to operate alone.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers must be registered, with the exception of those under 1,800 lbs.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Oregon, visit the Oregon State Marine Board .

Pennsylvania

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: For persons born on or after January 1, 1982, to operate boats powered by motors greater than 25 hp, Boating Safety Education Certificates are required.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  You must be at least 12 years of age to operate a motorboat greater than 25 hp. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 12 years of age and older.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Pennsylvania, visit Pennsylvania Fishing Laws & Regulations .

Rhode Island

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Rhode Island, visit the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management .

South Carolina

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Boaters under 16 years of age to pass an approved boating education course before operating, without supervision, a personal watercraft (jet ski) or a boat powered by a motor of 15 hp or more.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers weighing over 2,500 lbs must be registered.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in South Carolina, visit the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources .

South Dakota

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  Children under the age of 12 cannot operate a motorboat of more than 6 hp unless accompanied by a person at least 18 years of age. 
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Minimum age to operate a PWC is 14 unless accompanied by a person at least 18 years of age. 
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers are not registered in South Dakota.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in South Dakota, visit South Dakota Game, Fish & Parks .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Any Tennessee resident born after January 1, 1989 must show the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency issued wallet Boating Safety Education certificate as proof of successful completion of the TWRA boating safety exam.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  No one under 12 unless operating a boat powered by an 8.5 hp or less; person at least 10 but less than 12 and the boat is at least 14 ft and the boat has a motor less than 15 hp.
• Boat Trailer Registration Requirements: Boat trailers are not registered in Tennessee.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Tennessee, visit the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  16 years of age if vessel is motorized with greater than 15 hp.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Texas, visit Texas Parks & Wildlife .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 18 years of age unless completed PWC education course.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Utah, visit the Utah State Parks Office .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  Any person under the age of 12 cannot operate a motor boat of more than 6 hp.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Must be 16 years of age or older and have a boating safety certificate. 

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Vermont, visit the Vermont Fish & Wildlife Department .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: All PWC operators age 14 and older and all motorboat operators regardless of age need to take a boating safety course.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Ages 14 and 15 must pass a NASBLA approved course to operate a PWC.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Virginia, visit the Virginia Department of Wildlife Resources .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Washington residents born after January 1, 1955 who operate powered watercraft 15 hp or greater, to carry a Washington Boater Education Card.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  Must be 12 years of age, applies to motorboats with 15 or more hp.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): 14 years of age, when rental PWC operator must be 16 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Washington, visit the Washington State Recreation & Conservation Office .

West Virginia

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Anyone born after December 31, 1986 must successfully complete a Boating Safety Education Course before operating a motorboat or personal watercraft.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  No one under 12 may operate a motorboat over 10 hp. 12-15 may operate with an adult on board.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): No one under 12 may operate a motorboat over 10 hp. 12-15 may operate with an adult on board.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in West Virginia, visit the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources .

• Resident License and/or Education Requirement: Anyone born on or after January 1, 1989 is required to complete a boating safety course to legally operate a motorized boat or personal watercraft (PWC) on Wisconsin waters.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  12 years of age.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Wisconsin, visit the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources .

• Minimum Age to Operate a Vessel:  Under 16 years of age must be accompanied by an adult.
• Minimum Age to Operate a Personal Watercraft (PWC): Under 16 years of age must be accompanied by an adult.

For more information about detailed boating rules, regulations, and laws in Wyoming, visit the Wyoming Game & Fish Department .

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How To Avoid Collisions While Sailing

Sailing rules of the road when sailboat meets sailboat.

There are only three basic possibilities, and three basic boating rules of the road to follow, when your sailboat approaches another sailboat.

Rule 2: When you are on opposite tacks, the starboard tack boat has the right-of-way.

Rule 3: If you are overtaking the other boat, or it is overtaking you, the boat ahead (the overtaken boat) has the right-of-way.

Figure 8-3 shows the opposite tack rule. The starboard tack boat is the stand-on vessel and has the boating right-of-way.  The port tack boat has to keep clear or give way. Which boat is on port tack? If you said the boat on the right, you are correct.

Figure 8-4 shows two boats involved in the overtaking rule. In this case the boat ahead is the stand-on vessel and has the boating right-of-way. The overtaking boat has to keep clear or give way. Which boat is overtaking and what tack is that boat on? If you said the boat behind is overtaking and is on starboard tack, you are correct.

Note that these boats are sailing downwind, with the wind pushing from behind, and they are on opposite tacks. In the overtaking rule, the difference in tacks is not relevant, unless you are racing. Over many years, a complete set of sailing rules of the road specifically for sailboat racing has been developed and administered by the International Sailing Federation (ISAF), but these are not relevant to recreational sailing. If you’re looking to become a pro sailor, check out our Offshore Sailing Certification Courses.

• Doris Colgate

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Body of British tech magnate Mike Lynch is among those recovered from yacht wreckage, officials say

PORTICELLO, Sicily (AP) — The Italian coast guard said Thursday the body of British tech magnate Mike Lynch is among those recovered off the coast of Sicily from the wreckage of a superyacht whose builders had called unsinkable.

One woman remains missing. She has not been identified, but Hannah Lynch, Lynch’s 18-year-old daughter, is reportedly unaccounted for . The family had been celebrating his recent acquittal on fraud charges with the people who defended him at trial in the United States.

Five others were recovered by rescue crews following Monday’s tragedy.

The Bayesian, a 56-meter (184-foot) British-flagged yacht, went down in a storm early Monday as it was moored about a kilometer (half a mile) offshore. Civil protection officials said they believe the ship was struck by a tornado over the water, known as a waterspout , and sank quickly.

Termini Imerese Public Prosecutor’s Office investigators were collecting evidence for a criminal investigation, which they opened immediately after the tragedy despite no formal suspects having been publicly identified.

The chief executive of The Italian Sea Group, which owns the Bayesian’s manufacturer, told the AP in an interview on Thursday that superyachts like these are “designed to be unsinkable.”

“And it is unsinkable not only because it is designed in this way, but also because it is a sailing ship and sailing ships are the safest ever,” CEO Giovanni Costantino said.

Costantino added that “obviously they must not hit the rocks violently, discarding the hull, and they must not take in water,” suggesting the second possibility was the most likely in this case.

Costantino also noted that sailing ships require “a greater competence” to be guided compared with motor boats.

Investigators are now looking at why the Bayesian, built in 2008 by Italian shipyard Perini Navi, sank while a nearby sailboat remained largely unscathed . Fifteen of the 22 people aboard survived by escaping in a lifeboat, including a mother who reported holding her 1-year-old baby over the waves to save her. They were rescued by the sailboat Sir Robert Baden Powell.

The sailboat’s captain, Karsten Borner, said his craft sustained minimal damage — the frame of a sun awning broke — even with winds that he estimated had reached 12 on the Beaufort wind scale, the highest hurricane-strength force on the scale.

He said he had remained anchored with his engines running to try to maintain the ship’s position as the forecast storm rolled in.

“Another possibility is to heave anchor before the storm and to run downwind at open sea,” Borner said in a text message. But he said that might not have been possible for the Bayesian, given its 75-meter (246-foot) tall mast.

“If there was a stability problem, caused by the extremely tall mast, it would not have been better at open sea,” he said.

Yachts like the Bayesian are required to have watertight compartments that are specifically designed to prevent a rapid, catastrophic sinking even when some parts fill with water.

Lynch is the only person confirmed dead; the other bodies have not been formally identified by the Italian coast guard.

Besides Hannah Lynch, those missing are Christopher Morvillo, one of Lynch’s U.S. lawyers, and his wife, Neda; Jonathan Bloomer, chairman of Morgan Stanley’s London-based investment banking subsidiary, and his wife, Judy.

The body of chef Recaldo Thomas was the first to be recovered , on Monday. His death was confirmed by his family.

Friends of Thomas, best known as “Rick,” paid tribute to him on Thursday at a favorite bar in the Caribbean Island of Antigua. Cooking for Lynch was supposed to be one of Thomas’ last jobs before retiring, his cousin, David Isaac, told the AP.

Divers have struggled to find the bodies in the yacht’s hull on the seabed 50 meters (164 feet) underwater.

“We would need a crystal ball to know when we’ll be able to find the next body,” said Luca Cari, spokesperson for the fire rescue service.

“It’s very difficult to move inside the wreckage. Moving just one meter can take up to 24 hours,” Cari said.

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Smith: Wisconsin coalition forms to support tougher state rules on wake-enhanced boating

A coalition is forming in Wisconsin to support tougher rules on wake-enhanced boating and recommend a framework for statewide legislation on the activity.

"Our goal is to be proactive on this very important issue," said Cody Kamrowski, executive director of the Wisconsin Wildlife Federation. "Hopefully we can see a law passed in the next session of the Legislature that gives much more protection to our lakes."

Founding members of the coalition are the WWF, Lakes At Stake Wisconsin, Last Wilderness Alliance, Wisconsin’s Green Fire and Wisconsin Lakes Association. Walleyes For Tomorrow is tentatively joining pending a vote by its directors.

Kamrowski released details of the group and its objectives on Wednesday.

The coalition recommends the following statewide minimum standards:

1) Enhanced wake creation activities shall only occur 700 feet or more from a shoreline.

2) Enhanced wake creation activities shall only occur at water depths in excess of 30 feet.

3) Ballast systems must comply with Department of Natural Resources regulations NR 19.055 and NR 40. All ballast systems are subject to the "home lake rule" requiring thermal decontamination before launching and certification for single-lake use. Boats must be professionally decontaminated when relocating to a different lake or river and receive accompanying paperwork. Furthermore, any anti-freeze in ballast tanks must be fully purged before a boat enters a Wisconsin lake or river. These regulations would take effect one year after legislation was approved.

4) Local units of government shall continue to have the right to enact ordinances more restrictive than state minimum standards when necessary to fully protect the waters under their jurisdiction. Any currently existing local ordinances that are stricter than state minimums would remain in effect.

Kamrowski said it was critical for conservation and environmental groups to work with the Legislature to enact rules specific to wake-enhanced boating.

But it was also important for any state law to allow local control.

"We've got more than 15,000 lakes and no two are identical," Kamrowski said. "The residents of local municipalities are the most knowledgeable about their lakes and the most invested in how best to protect them."

State law allows wake-enhanced boating in any area normal motor boat activities such as water-skiing are allowed, typically at least 100 feet from shore.

Wake-boating has become a controversial issue in Wisconsin and other states

Wake-enhanced boating has become a hot-button issue in Wisconsin and other states. The activity involves use of a special power boat with ballast tanks or other devices that allow it to create larger-than-normal wakes. The waves are large enough to allow a surfer to ride behind the boat without a tow rope.

Though fun for some, the activity has generated complaints from lakefront property owners, anglers, paddlers and wildlife advocates due to a range of reported issues, including damage to shorelines, conflicts with other lake users and destruction of loon nests.

There are also significant concerns about aquatic invasive species being spread between lakes via ballast tanks on the boats. A group of Wisconsin citizens  filed a petition in February  with the DNR in an effort to require wake boats to stay on a single waterbody or prove they were decontaminated before moving.

Three  public listening sessions  led last fall by Sen. Mary Felzkowski (R-Tomahawk) and Rep. Rob Swearingen (R-Rhinelander) overflowed with northern Wisconsin residents calling for additional state restrictions on wake-enhanced boating.

The organization  Lakes At Stake Wisconsin  even formed last year to address the issue.

And this year the Lac du Flambeau Tribe outlawed wake boats on the 260 lakes in its northern Wisconsin reservation, including 3,483-acre Fence Lake.

Earlier this year the Vermont DNR passed the most restrictive wake boating  rule of any state. It prohibits wake sports on lakes, ponds and reservoirs that do not have a minimum of 50 contiguous acres that are both 500 feet from shore on all sides and are a minimum of 20 feet deep. It also requires the 50-acre area to be at least 200 feet wide.

On the other side of the issue the  Water Sports Industry Association  is actively working in Wisconsin and other states to promote wake boating-friendly legislation.

In 2023 the WSIA and Schrieber GR, its in-state lobbying firm, helped Wisconsin Republicans draft  Assembly Bill 656  and its companion  Senate Bill 680 . The measure was similar to legislation introduced in other states and would prevent wake sports from lakes of 50 acres or less and from operating within 200 feet from shore. It would also nullify more restrictive local ordinances on wake surfing.

It was heavily criticized as falling far short of providing protections for Wisconsin lakes and never received a hearing in either chamber.

Restrictions on wake-surfing have fallen to local municipalities

In the absence of legislative action, local boards have been passing ordinances on the activity.

As of last month 28 local ordinances had been enacted in Wisconsin restricting or prohibiting wake-enhanced boating, according to the Last Wilderness Alliance, a Presque Isle nonprofit organization that provides assistance to local boards on the issue.

In July three town boards in Waupaca County enacted ordinances prohibiting wake-enhanced boating on their lakes.

On Monday the Town of Ottawa board of supervisors tabled a proposal that would have banned wake surfing on Hunter Lake. The issue is scheduled to be taken up at the board's December meeting, according to board chair Cheryl Rupp.

Kamrowski said the Wisconsin coalition is seeking to add organizations and individuals to its list of supporters.

If interested, contact Kamrowski at [email protected] or (715) 896-5445.

More: Smith: Spring hearings provide latest landslide call for action on wake-enhanced boating

Table of Contents

• between boats on opposite Definition: Tack, Starboard Or Port " data-url="/definitions/71?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">tacks on a beat to windward,
• between boats on opposite Definition: Tack, Starboard Or Port " data-url="/definitions/71?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">tacks when the Definition: Proper Course " data-url="/definitions/77?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">proper course at the Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark for one but not both of them is to tack.
• between a boat approaching a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark and one leaving it, or
• if the Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark is a continuing Definition: Obstruction " data-url="/definitions/74?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">obstruction , in which case rule Rule: 19 " data-url="/rules/1477?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">19 applies.
• When boats are Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped the outside boat shall give the inside boat Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room , unless rule Rule: 18.2 " data-url="/rules/1483?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">18.2 (b) applies. 
• If boats are Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped when the first of them reaches the Definition: Zone " data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">zone , the outside boat at that moment shall thereafter give the inside boat Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room . If a boat is Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">clear ahead when she reaches the Definition: Zone " data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">zone , the boat Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">clear astern at that moment shall thereafter give her Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room .  
• she shall continue to do so even if later an Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap is broken or a new Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap begins;
• if she becomes Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped inside the boat entitled to Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room , she shall also give that boat room to sail her Definition: Proper Course " data-url="/definitions/77?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">proper course while they remain Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped . 
• Rules 18.2(b) and (c) cease to apply if the boat entitled to Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room passes head to wind or leaves the Definition: Zone " data-url="/definitions/72?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">zone . 
• If there is a reasonable doubt that a boat obtained or broke an Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap at the time, it shall be presumed that she did not. 
• If a boat obtained an inside Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap from Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">clear astern or by tacking to Definition: Leeward And Windward " data-url="/definitions/79?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">windward of the other boat and, from the time the Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap begins, the outside boat has been unable to give Definition: Mark Room " data-url="/definitions/80?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark-room , she is not required to give it.
• when the Definition: Obstruction " data-url="/definitions/74?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">obstruction is a Definition: Mark " data-url="/definitions/70?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">mark the boats are required to leave on the same side, or
• when rule Rule: 18 " data-url="/rules/1476?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">18 applies between boats and the Definition: Obstruction " data-url="/definitions/74?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">obstruction is another boat Definition: Overlap " data-url="/definitions/59?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped with each of them.
• A right-of-way boat may choose to pass an Definition: Obstruction " data-url="/definitions/74?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">obstruction on either side.
• When boats are Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped , the outside boat shall give the inside boat Definition: Room " data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">room between her and the Definition: Obstruction " data-url="/definitions/74?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">obstruction , unless she has been unable to do so from the time the Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlap began.
• she is not entitled to Definition: Room " data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">room under rule 19.2(b), and
• while the boats remain Definition: Clear Astern And Clear Ahead; Overlap " data-url="/definitions/86?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">overlapped , she shall Definition: Keep Clear " data-url="/definitions/85?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">keep clear and rules Rule: 10 " data-url="/rules/1221?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">10 and Rule: 11 " data-url="/rules/1228?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">11 do not apply.
• she is approaching an Definition: Obstruction " data-url="/definitions/74?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">obstruction and will soon need to make a substantial course change to avoid it safely, and
• she is sailing close-hauled or above.
• After a boat hails, she shall give the hailed boat time to respond.
• The hailed boat shall respond even if the hail breaks rule Rule: 20.1 " data-url="/rules/1484?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">20.1 .
• The hailed boat shall respond either by tacking as soon as possible, or by immediately replying "You tack" and then giving the hailing boat Definition: Room " data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">room to tack and avoid her.
• When the hailed boat responds, the hailing boat shall tack as soon as possible.
• From the time a boat hails until she has tacked and avoided the hailed boat, rule Rule: 18.2 " data-url="/rules/1483?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:;">18.2 does not apply between them.
• When conditions are such that a hail may not be heard, the boat shall also make a signal that clearly indicates her need for Definition: Room " data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">room to tack or her response.
• The notice of race may specify an alternative communication for a boat to indicate her need for Definition: Room " data-url="/definitions/58?xformat=fleet" href="javascript:void(0)">room to tack or her response, and require boats to use it.

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Clifford Chance partner among those missing in loss of Mike Lynch yacht Bayesian

By Michael Cross 2024-08-20T10:26:00+01:00

• 16 Comments

The Clifford Chance partner who acted for UK tech tycoon Mike Lynch in defeating US fraud charges earlier this summer is missing along with his client following the sinking of the sailing yacht Bayesian off the coast of Sicily yesterday. According to the magic circle firm, Christopher J Morvillo, a former assistant US attorney for the Southern District of New York, specialises in representing corporate and individual clients in white-collar government investigations. 

In June this year, Lynch was cleared by a federal jury in California of criminal charges relating to the $11bn sale of his software startup Autonomy to US-based Hewlett-Packard. His acquittal of US criminal charges followed an English High Court ruling in 2022 that Lynch and another Autonomy executive had fraudulently inflated the company’s revenue ahead of the acquisition. 

Bayesian sank yesterday morning while at anchor off the coast of Sicily. Of the 22 people on board, 15 were rescued. They are reported to include Clifford Chance associate Ayla Ronald. One body has so far been found while six people are missing. 

Bayesian sank at anchor yesterday morning

Morvillo, who became a Clifford Chance partner in 2011, had a high-profile role in prosecutions and investigations, including those arising from the 11 September attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon. He led the legal team which succeeded in clearing Lynch of securities and wire fraud. On the witness stand in California, Lynch denied the allegations against him, asserting that the US$8.8 billion write-down HP took the year after the Autonomy acquisition was the company’s own fault. 

Following the acquittal, Morvillo said: 'We are thrilled with the jury’s verdict, which reflects a resounding rejection of the government’s profound overreach in this case. The evidence presented at trial demonstrated conclusively that Mike Lynch is innocent. This verdict closes the book on a relentless 13-year effort to pin HP’s well-documented ineptitude on Dr Lynch. Thankfully, the truth has finally prevailed. We thank Dr Lynch for his trust throughout this ordeal and hope that he can now return home to England to resume his life and continue innovating.’

A Clifford Chance spokesperson said: 'We are in shock and deeply saddened by this tragic incident. Our thoughts are with our partner, Christopher Morvillo, and his wife Neda who are among the missing. Our utmost priority is providing support to the family as well as our colleague Ayla Ronald, who together with her partner, thankfully survived the incident. Our thoughts extend to the other passengers and crew and all those affected. We have no further comment at this time. We, and the families, ask that their request for privacy is honored during this period.'

Irish-born Lynch has been a key figure in the AI sector. Among the ventures in which he has invested is the UK-based legal AI pioneer Luminance, whose software is used by 700 organisations worldwide including one quarter of the top-100 law firms.  

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Audemars piguet royal oak — rewriting the rules since 1972.

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Royal Oak Reference 25554ST.

From its earliest concept to where we are today, the Royal Oak has broken numerous rules in pursuit of its own development. Here are four of my favourite key developments in the timeline of the Royal Oak, along with useful images supplied by AP chronicles. Underneath, I have added some interesting but slightly off topic facts for my fellow nerds.

1972 — The First Luxury Steel Sports Watch

It only seems right to start at the beginning. It was the annual Basel Fair in 1972 where the world of watches changed forever, all at the hands of Audemars Piguet and Gerald Genta. It was here that reference 5402 was released. The dawn of the mighty Royal Oak.

Reference 5402ST

Creating a high end sports watch from stainless steel was an incredible and groundbreaking concept born between Audemars Piguet and Genta, and it broke every rule in the book. It was subject to case and bracelet finishing of a standard greater than any other stainless steel wristwatch, something that still remains true to AP today. It boasted a Tapisserie dial made with the help of the guilloché copying machine, and commanded and staggering retail price of 3750 Swiss francs, more than most 18 carat watches at the time. It was a lot to take in.

Reference 5402: The original design, featuring a 39mm case with an integrated bracelet tapering ... [+] towards the folding clasp.

Today’s NYT Mini Crossword Clues And Answers For Thursday, August 22

Bayesian yacht: bodies of entrepreneur michael lynch and morgan stanley chief recovered in italy, oprah endorses kamala harris at dnc: her political history—and rare endorsements—explained.

Genta took inspiration from his past as a jewellery designer when designing the integrated bracelet, which gave the Royal Oak a unique and elegant look, despite its sporty nature. From the narrowest point at the clasp, a steady taper found its way to the extra-thin yet 39mm wide case, nicknamed the Jumbo. It was powered by the Jaeger-Le-Coultre 920, which at the time was the world’s thinnest automatic date driving movement available. It allowed Audemars Piguet to shave large amounts off the thickness of the Royal Oak case, with the price being paid in diameter. The calibre 920 was imported from JLC, then subsequently finished in house by AP and re-branded as calibre 2121.

The back side of calibre 2121, imported as a Jager-Le-Coultre 920, and finished in house by Audemars ... [+] Piguet with straight Côtes de Genève.

Over the following 15 years, the brand sold a total of 4288 stainless steel units of the 5402, far more than the originally planned 1000 units. This number was split amongst four different series of production: A, B, C and D, nearly all of which had their relevant series letter and subsequent case number engraved on the back.

Series A was produced from the beginning in 1972, with 1937 units delivered. Series B was introduced around 1975, and consisted of 845 deliveries. Series C was introduced around 1976 and was responsible for 952 deliveries. Finally Series D was brought in around 1978 and was delivered in 404 instances. There were also 150 examples produced without either a series letter or number. Why — We may never know.

On the left is the first iteration of the Royal Oak bracelet no. 344. It features a stainless steel ... [+] folding clasp with blades engraved with the Frères logo and '1 72', indicating first batch of 1972. Whilst Frères' no. 344 made its way on to a large portion of Royal Oaks even beyond the 5402, the logo was only applied to some of the earliest blades pre-dating 1975. On the right is the two part monobloc case construction where calibre 2121 is mounted from the front.

The 5402 however, was only exclusive to stainless steel for five years. In 1977 Audemars Piguet chose to introduce a smaller quantity of watches with the addition of gold, or gold in their entirety. 876 examples were sold in a pairing of yellow gold and stainless steel, baring suffix SA, 736 examples were sold entirely in yellow gold, baring suffix BA, and finally 150 examples were sold entirely in white gold, baring suffix BC.

Front and back of reference 5402BA, featuring a champagne Tapisserie dial and a caseback engraved No ... [+] 192.

Reference 5402 laid the foundation not only for the Royal Oak but also for the luxury sports watch in general, as its release was followed by Patek’s 3700 in 1976 as well as Vacheron’s 222 in 1977, both of which also used the calibre 920 from Jaeger-Le-Coultre. It was evident that Royal Oak found success in the rules it broke, and for over 50 years it went on to break any more that stood in its way, one by one.

1984 — Combining The Sports Watch and Perpetual Calendar

Coming into the 80s Audemars Piguet had its sports line, lead by the Genta designed 5402, but also its dress line, lead by the Dimier designed 5548. The latter used the ultra-thin perpetual calendar calibre 2120/2800 which was born from the addition of adding a perpetual calendar module on top of the original calibre 2121. It became the world’s thinnest automatic perpetual calendar, and was kept very separate from the Royal Oak, which by comparison was simple in complication terms.

In 1984 however, the two forces joined as Audemars Piguet chose to insert calibre 2120/2800 into the case of the Royal Oak to create the very first Royal Oak perpetual calendar. It was bestowed the reference 5554, quickly renamed 25554. A luxury perpetual calendar sports watch had never been seen before.

Reference 25554 in yellow gold. No 014.

Just like the unveiling of the Royal Oak 12 years prior, this combination of a highly complicated yet ultra-thin perpetual calendar movement inserted in a sports watch was equally wild for the 80s. Something which took the other brands of the holy trinity many decades to achieve. The 25554 was well and truly ahead of its time.

Extra-thin calibre 2120/2800, used in reference 5548, as well as the first Royal Oak perpetual ... [+] calendar, reference 25554.

Reference 25554 was only delivered 270 times, and unlike the 5402 it did not first arrive to the public in stainless steel. Instead, the first and only unit delivered to a paying customer in the year of launch, 1984, was dressed entirely in yellow gold, baring case number 17. It's important to note however, that case numbers are representative of the order in which the case was produced, not when the watch was completed or delivered to a customer. The yellow gold 25554 dominated production and was responsible for 223 of the 270 sales for the entire reference. Most of them were produced with either smooth white or champagne dials.

Reference 25554 in yellow gold (BA) and stainless steel (ST) configurations.

Only 46 units were delivered in stainless steel, and they were all fitted with cases originally intended for the D series of the 5402. As a result, they featured both the case markings for reference 5402, as well as reference 25554; A unique novelty. They nearly all had smooth matte grey dials, but there were also rare or perhaps even a unique instance of a black dial.

Reference 25554ST, front and back, in this instance two different pieces. On the left is number 037, ... [+] featuring the smooth matte grey dial. On the right is number 045, the penultimate unit produced. It also features its 5402 case letter and number: D 1494.

As well as this, there was a single unit of the 25554 produced in full platinum. This featured a navy blue Tapisserie dial and was delivered to Germany in 1986.

The perpetual calendar from here on became an integral part of the Royal Oak collection, and Audemars Piguet remained the only brand producing a luxury perpetual calendar sports watch for quite some time.

1986 — The Openworked Perpetual Calendar Sports Watch

After the introduction of the perpetual calendar to the Royal Oak in 1984, it only took Audemars Piguet a year or so to come up with a way of making its appearance even more striking. In 1986, the very first openworked perpetual calendar Royal Oak was born, a model I still find amongst my very favourites to this day. It was the reference 25636.

Reference 25636 in yellow gold, featuring openworked calibre 2120/2800 SQ. No 108.

The 25636 was born in the openworking workshop that was responsible for the delicate art we know so well today. Whilst openworking was not entirely new, it hadn’t been seen on a sports watch, and certainly not a perpetual calendar sports watch. The workshop was lead by Regis Meylan from its inception in 1975, and he was heavily responsible for the development that went into creating reference 25636.

Quite like the 25554 that was released two years prior, the 25636 was offered initially in yellow gold, with only one unit sold in its introductory year. It housed the calibre 2120/2800 SQ, the openworked version of the original ultra-thin perpetual calendar movement used in both references 5548 and 25554. It remained ultra-thin indeed, and was the thinnest automatic openworked perpetual calendar calibre that 80s money could buy.

Openworked calibre 2120/2800 SQ, which was developed in the openworking workshop in the early to mid ... [+] 80s.

Despite reference 25636 being sold just 313 times, it was produced in a spectrum of metals that represented the vintage era so well. Yellow gold was seen in abundance with 156 cased and sold, representing just under half of the total sales of the reference. The warmer pink gold was slowly creeping into production during this period, making its way onto a very small six units of the 25636. Stainless steel and platinum were also used to case the this model, around 61 and 41 times respectively.

Technical data on the exceedingly rare pink gold 25636. The warmth of the pink gold is 5N compared ... [+] to the 2N used for yellow gold. This example was originally delivered with a bracelet no. 344, produced by Frères, but later replaced for a bracelet no. 0944, produced by Werthanor. The dial was produced by Stern, the family which owned and ran Patek Philippe, and still does.

Audemars Piguet also chose to make two special limited edition versions using metal combinations involving platinum. The first, and undeniably the most striking was cased in pink gold with a matching bracelet, with the sparing use of platinum for the bezel and centre links — A quick way of identifying that it was not stainless steel. It bore suffix RP. The other was instead cased in stainless steel with a matching bracelet with once again with platinum used for the bezel and centre links. It bore suffix SP. Both editions were limited to 25 pieces and numbered.

The two rare bimetal editions of reference 25636. On the left is the pink gold and platinum ... [+] iteration, and on the right is the stainless steel and platinum iteration. The platinum in the latter is polished in order for it to be distinguished from the stainless steel. Both these examples of the 25636 were fitted with Werthanor's no. 0944 bracelet which was introduced towards the end of the 80s to replace the Frères no. 0344.

Reference 25636 was undeniably one of the coolest and most incredible watches from Audemars Piguet upon its release, and whilst it is coveted to this day, it remains undervalued in my opinion. Whilst openworking in itself has since become something AP is reknown for, it has been mainly kept for non complicated watches. The presence of openworked perpetual calendar Royal Oak models has diminished significantly in the modern age, remaining almost legend of the past.

2017 — A Modern Generation Of Materials

Much later on in the timeline, when the vintage era had well and truly been been left behind, something special was in the pipeline. Materials hadn’t seen much innovation across any manufacturers and this was Audemars Piguet’s time to break another long standing rule, perhaps even the oldest rule in the book. The rule that watches must only be made from metal.

The then CEO François-Henry Bennahmias was determined to develop a Royal Oak built entirely in ceramic, from the case to the bracelet. Bennahmias was quickly told that this wouldn't be possible, but in true Bennahmias style he persisted. Eventually at the start of 2017, this vision became a reality, and reference 26579CE was unveiled. From the bezel to the clasp, it was dressed from head to toe in highly scratch resistant black ceramic. A whole new look had been brought to the historic Royal Oak lineup.

Reference 26579CE, the very first fully ceramic watch with bracelet — no. 1225CE. This bracelet was ... [+] a huge achievement and a first of its kind, pioneered by Bennahmias.

It was the dawn of a new era, one in which the brand would use modern technology to push the boundaries of materials. Remarkably, all ceramic surfaces on this model were finished to the exact same standard as those of stainless steel or gold, with a mixture of brushed and polished finishes. This was no easy achievement, taking watchmakers five times as long to finish the bracelet compared to a stainless steel one. Just as I mentioned earlier, you won't find sharper external finishing than on a Royal Oak, and AP wasn’t going to let that trophy slide on this new ceramic.

Various invisible parts on reference 26579CE were so difficult to make in ceramic that titanium was ... [+] used instead. The caseback had to be cut so thin that the failure rate would have prevented production of the reference on the planned scale. As well as this, being a functional part of the watch, the folding clasp had to be able to withstand increase pressure and movement.

As a modern piece, it’s hard to determine precise production numbers for the 26579CE, however it has been suggested at around 600 units in total. Following its creation, ceramic became a large part of the Royal Oak collection with cases having been produced since in white, baring suffix CB, blue, baring suffix CS and even brown ceramic, baring suffix CM.

For over 50 years, the Royal Oak has been a hugely important collection both for Audemars Piguet and the world of watches. It has pioneered development both technically and aesthetically, with its next move almost always remaining in the dark. From its initial concept, to the use of a perpetual calendar, followed by an openworked movement and the introduction of a new material, the Royak Oak has consistently taken us by surprise.

The bottom line is that the Royal Oak is here not to please everyone, but instead to break rules and shake up the way we see watches. And that won’t change, whether you like it or not.

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